Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP)

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis: A Study of Various Types and Complications for Better Management

Taalaibek Bekov, Jumabek Mamasaliev, Ertegin Baigashkaev, Tugolbai Tagaev — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Ultrasound examination plays a crucial role in diagnosing cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, but its
reliability in predicting inflammation severity and distinguishing between acute and chronic cholecystitis remains
contested. This study aimed to provide ultrasound examination of various types of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.
Materials and Methods: A total of 650 subjects, including 48 healthy controls and 602 patients who underwent
surgery for acute, chronic, destructive cholecystitis, or cholelithiasis, were examined using a Siemens scanner.
Ultrasonography parameters assessed blood flow in the branches and veins of the cystic artery using color Doppler
scanning and pulsed-wave Doppler. Quantitative blood flow velocity indicators and angle-independent total
peripheral resistance indices were examined. Results: Gallbladder length and area were significantly increased
in acute, phlegmonous, and gangrenous inflammation compared to controls. Wall thickness exceeded 4–5 mm
in acute and phlegmonous-gangrenous inflammation. Maximum systolic blood flow velocity in the cystic artery
more than doubled in acute, phlegmonous, and gangrenous inflammation, while minimum systolic velocity
showed no significant changes. Total peripheral resistance indices increased in chronic, phlegmonous, and
gangrenous inflammation but remained within control values in acute inflammation. The control group showed no
significant differences in ultrasonographic indicators across all age groups. Conclusion: These findings highlight
the importance of comprehensive clinical assessment alongside ultrasound imaging for accurate diagnosis and
management of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis.

Synthesize and Characterize the Lipoid S-75 Conjugated Chitosan-Based Micelles for Improving Biopharmaceutical Parameters of Resveratrol

Mrunal Deshmukh — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The anticancer activity of resveratrol is well known. But because of its limited water solubility and low
bioavailability, resveratrol (RES) is a BCS class II medication with research potential. The current work creates
a new copolymer from Lipoid S-75 and chitosan and tests the RES-loaded micelles it produces for varied
delivery properties. In addition to efficiently loading the drug, the nanometric micellar carriers also regulated
the rate of RES release. The discoveries using a novel polymer-based carrier show promise for improved
medication delivery in the future. Aim: The aim of the study was to synthesize and characterize the lipoid S-75
conjugated chitosan-based micelles for improving biopharmaceutical parameters of resveratrol. Methods: The
preparation and characterization of a copolymer of CS and lipoid S-75 were done by using S-75 100 mg and
DCC 700 mg which is followed by preparation and characterization of CS-lipoid S-75-conjugated resveratrol
micelles. And evaluation of the formulation done by the parameters such as particle size, polydispersity
index zeta potential, % encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, drug loading capacity, and differential
scanning calorimetry. Results: In the present study, development of polymeric micelles using the flavonoid
in multifaceted applications, entailing therapy, diagnostics, in-suit imaging, and on-demand drug delivery,
resveratrol, polymers such as chitosan, and lipoid S-75 show significant potential. The fundamental formation
mechanisms are then analyzed, focusing on the inherent physicochemical qualities like solubility and
bioavailability that control the drug release. Conclusion: The development of resveratrol-loaded chitosanbased
S-75 micelles demonstrates considerable potential for multifaceted biomedical applications, including
therapy, diagnostics, in-situ imaging, and on-demand drug delivery. The combination of resveratrol, chitosan,
and lipoid S-75 results in a polymeric micellar system with enhanced solubility and bioavailability, addressing
the challenges associated with the poor aqueous solubility and rapid metabolism of resveratrol. The analysis
of the micelle formation mechanisms highlights the crucial role of the inherent physicochemical properties
in controlling drug release. This innovative micellar platform offers promising avenues for optimizing the
therapeutic delivery of resveratrol and broadening its application scope in pharmaceutical and biomedical
fields.

Development and Validation for Determination of Apremilast in Bulk and in Tablets by UV Spectrophotometer

Narender Boggula — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Pharmaceutical analysis plays a key role in the quality assurance and quality control of bulk drugs.
A documented validation program offers a high level of confidence that an operation or facility will consistently
deliver a product that satisfies a set standard. A premilast is an aphosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor used in the
treatment of psoriasis. Objective: The main objective is to develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and economical
spectrophotometric method for the determination of apremilast in bulk and its tablet dosage form as per ICH
guidelines. Materials and Method: The estimation was carried out using HPLC-grade acetonitrile as a solvent
and quantitation was achieved using a double-beam UV spectrophotometer at 230 nm. The present method was
suitable for its intended purpose as prescribed in ICH Q2 guidelines. The analytical method was validated to
determine the linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness, LOD, and LOQ of the method. Results: The
λmax of apremilast in acetonitrile was found to be 230 nm. The drug has a correlation coefficient (r2) value of
0.999 and exhibits linearity in the concentration range of 2–10 μg/mL. The proposed method was applied to
pharmaceutical formulation and % the amount of drug estimated 99% was found in good agreement with the label
claim. The repeatability, intraday, and interday changes of accuracy were examined. The approach is considered
exact if the percentage RSD value is <2. Conclusion: The above method was a rapid and cost-effective quality
control tool for routine analysis of apremilast in bulk and in pharmaceutical dosage form. The method can be useful
for the day-to-day routine analysis in the quality control departments of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations
industries.

Analytical HPLC Method for Determination of Miconazole Nitrate and Eugenol in Formulated Emulgel

Aarti S. Zanwar — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: Conventional antifungal medications face challenges, such as recurrence of infection, medication resistance,
and drug-related toxicity. Biofilm-associated cells exhibit resistance due to drug-efflux pumps and metabolic
conditions. A new formulation containing miconazole nitrate (MIZ) (antifungal drug) and eugenol (EUL) (antibiofilm
agent) increases the effectiveness of antifungal activity. This necessitates a new high-pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC) method to develop for quality control analysis. Materials and Methods: The proportion
of solvent (acetonitrile: methanol:ammonium acetate buffer, pH 6.5) in the ratio of 25:55:20 v/v/v resolved the
cited drugs on the C8 column at 238 nm by the HPLC method. The developed method was validated as per
the International Council for Harmonisation Q2 guideline for different parameters. Result and Discussion: The
linearity and range for MIZ (50–250 μg/mL) and EUL (26.5–132.5 μg/mL) solution were performed by the
mentioned HPLC method. The interferences of the excipients, MIZ and EUL, were negligible, as the recovery
percentage ranged from 98.867% to 101.482%. The quantified drug content was determined to be 98.450 ± 1.303
for MIZ and 97.467 ± 1.250 for EUL by the developed and validated HPLC method. Conclusion: The proposed
research was appropriate for the examination of MIZ and EUL content in the formulated emulgel by the developed
HPLC method.

Development, Optimization, and In vitro Evaluation of Ethosomal Gel of Dalbergia sissoo Leaves Extract

Vanshita Singh — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: The present study aimed to develop an ethosomal gel loaded with Dalbergia sissoo leaves extract for
transdermal application. Materials and Methods: D. sissoo extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis,
flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. The ethosomes
containing D. sissoo extract were formulated and characterized based on morphology, particle size, surface charge,
and encapsulation efficiency. Subsequently, the optimized ethosomes were incorporated into Carbopol gel and
then evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, and skin permeation. Results and Discussion: Dalbergia
extract incorporated in the ethosomes showed spherical shape, vesicle size (143 nm), −14.9 mV surface charge,
and good entrapment efficiency (84.4%). The optimized formulation was further incorporated into Carbopol gel
and showed optimal pH (6.2), good spreadability, high release percentage (85.92%), as well as stability over
60 days. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the ethosomal gel loaded with D. sissoo leaves extract was found
to be a potential strategy for effective delivery.

Development and Validation of Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Desonide and Curcumin in Topical Dosage Form

Rahul L. Waman — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated to
simultaneously determine curcumin and desonide in both bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method is
characterized by its simplicity, sensitivity, speed, specificity, precision, and accuracy. The mobile phase consisted
of a mixture with a ratio of 65:35 v/v, and the flow rate was maintained at 0.8 mL/min. Chromatographic separation
was achieved using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm – 5 μm p.s), with ultraviolet detection performed at 240 nm.
An injection volume of 20 μL was used. The retention times for desonide and curcumin were 3.45 and 7.51 min,
respectively, resulting in distinct and well-defined chromatographic peaks. The respective percentage recoveries
were 99.56% and 99.87%. The suggested approach demonstrated strong linearity, accuracy, and precision, and
it was effectively used to determine the medicines in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The current approach was
created and successfully used to ascertain the quantities of curcumin and desonide in a combined formulation after
it was statistically validated in compliance with the ICH recommendations.

Investigating the Impact of Chronic Diseases and Disability on Quality of Life in Saudi Arabian Patients

Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Objective: With greater life expectancy comes an increased risk of chronic diseases, which can
lead to disability. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between chronic diseases and the development
of disability, as well as their impact on quality of life (QoL). Methods: From March to May of 2024, a crosssectional
survey was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Participants in the study were approached in a range of
locations, such as disability centres, hospitals, health clinics, community gatherings, charity events, and health
camps. The participants were given link to online questionnaires supplied via Google Forms. With SPSS-IBM
2023, the descriptive analysis was carried out. A significance level of P < 0.05 was applied to all comparisons.
A binary regression analysis was done to determine factors that influence the QoL of the participants, while a
multinomial regression analysis was carried out to explore factors that triggered the difficulty due to disability.
Results: Of the 394 study participants, 70.8% were female and represented a range of age categories. Thirty-seven
percent of the participants held a degree or higher education, and more than half of them—54 percent—were
married. Compared to individuals without a disability, people with mild or severe disabilities are 2.355 times
more likely to report a decline in QoL. There is a considerable chance that participants’ quality of life will decline
when the number of chronic diseases rises from one to two or more. The quality of life (QoL) significantly
improved 1.943 times among married individuals compared to those who lived alone. Growing older is linked to
notable shifts in attaining a high quality of life. In general, women suffered from higher levels of disability than
men did; people with good quality of life and physical activity were less likely to have higher disability indices.
Conclusion: According to the study’s findings, the number of chronic illnesses and the onset of difficulty are
related, and both considerably lower quality of life. Stabilizing quality of life, preventing disability, and managing
chronic diseases all require effective processes involving patients, family members, and healthcare providers.

Integrating Quality by Design Principles for Elevating Bioavailability of Candesartan Cilexetil in Fast-dissolving Tablets

Chandra Shekar Thalluri — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: The present research was aimed to increase the bioavailability of Candesartan cilexetil by integrating
efficient super disintegrating agents applying the principles of quality by design. Materials and Methods:
This study optimized fast dissolving tablets containing Candesartan cilexetil by integrating efficient super
disintegrating agents (Isabgol husk, Potato starch, F melt C) through a direct compression method. Utilizing Design
of Expert version 13.0 with a response surface methodology, formulations (CC1-CC15) were systematically
developed. The influence of super disintegrates on key parameters - disintegration time (Y1), drug release at
15 min (Y2), and drug release at 30 minutes (Y3) - was extensively studied to enhance Candesartan cilexetil’s
dissolution properties. Results and Discussion: Comprehensive evaluation of pre- and post-compressional
factors, coupled with robust in-vitro dissolution analysis, highlighted formulation CC12’s excellence, featuring
rapid disintegration and maximal drug release within specified timeframes. Utilizing the DD solver guided by
regression coefficients (r2), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and model selection criteria (MSC), kinetics
and release mechanisms were elucidated. CC12 exhibited a fickian diffusion mechanism, substantiating its
robust drug release profile. Additionally, shelf-life evaluation as per ICH guidelines and a comparative analysis
employing the similarity factor (f2) with Atacand were conducted. Stability studies, assessed via ANOVA,
indicated insignificant differences (P > 0.05) during storage. In summary, this research optimally enhanced
Candesartan cilexetil’s dissolution via proficiently formulated fast dissolving tablets. The strategic integration
of super disintegrating agents, driven by Design of Expert version 13.0, yielded CC12 as an optimal candidate
with rapid disintegration and superior drug release. Elucidation of release kinetics and mechanisms further
fortified performance assessment. Thorough stability and similarity evaluations underscored the potential of this
optimized formulation for improved therapeutic outcomes. Conclusion: Fast dissolving tablets of C and esartan
cilexetil were developed by optimizing selected independent variables to improve the dissolution profile. The
presence of soluble polymers like Isabgol husk, potato starch and F melt C, acting as super disintegrants, played
a significant role in enhancing solubility.

Prevalence of Cataract and Risk Factors in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

Ali Hassan A. Ali — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness, predominantly affecting the elderly. This study aims to
estimate the prevalence of cataracts in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, and identify associated risk factors and demographic
characteristics. Method: The study is a cross-sectional survey conducted for patients over 18 years old. The
patients’ demographics and medical history, including cataract diagnosis and risk factors, were collected and
analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Statistical tests included the Chi-square for categorical
variables and the t-test for continuous variables, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The study sample
consisted of 100 participants, with a female majority (59%) and a significant proportion of individuals over
67 years old (37%). Nuclear cataracts were the most common (80%), followed by cortical (36%) and posterior
subcapsular (PSC) cataracts (27%). Significant associations were found between diabetes and PSC cataracts
(P = 0.027), and between age and cataract grade (P < 0.001). Smoking and hypertension also showed significant
correlations with cataract types. Conclusion: Age, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are significant risk factors
for cataracts in Al-Kharj. Nuclear cataracts are the most prevalent, especially in individuals over 67 years old. The
associations between cataracts (types and grades) and risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, and hypertension
should be considered. Addressing risk factors could reduce cataract-related visual impairment.

Molecular Docking Studies of Substituted Aromatic N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1- phenylmethanimine Derivatives against Monoamine Oxidase-B as Potential Anti-parkinsonian Agents

Vijaya Kishore Kanakaraju — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: In recent times, Parkinson’s disease has been considered a major problem in most of the men than
women. The monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors show anti-Parkinsonian activity. This study describes a range
of substituted aromatic N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1-phenylmethanimine derivatives that have been designed and
docked against the MAO-B enzyme to evaluate their potential anti-Parkinson’s agents. Comparison was made between
the ligands and common MAO-B inhibitors such as selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide. Materials and Methods: First,
with the help of Chemsketch software, the ligands were drawn and saved in.mol format, and they were converted
to .pdb format using Avogadro software. iGEMDOCK software was used to perform molecular docking studies and
docked compounds were visualized through BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results and Discussion: Most
of the substances were found to have enhanced MAO-B enzyme binding affinities. The majority of the ligands have
demonstrated greater binding energies when compared with the standard MAO-B inhibitors, such as safinamide (−102.64
K.cal/mol), selegiline (−74.38 K.cal/mol), and rasagiline (−72.76 K.cal/mol). Compounds C23 (−120.20 K.cal/mol)
and C33 (−116.97 K.cal/mol) were found to have superior binding energies compared to the standard MAO-B inhibitors
and so were chosen for visualization. Conclusion: Derivatives of substituted aromatic N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1-
phenylmethanimine showed a higher binding affinity toward the MAO-B enzyme than standard inhibitors, suggesting
that they might be considered for the treatment of Parkinson’s disorder.

Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Study Focusing on Neuroprotective Effect of Compounds Obtained from Bacopa monnieri Juice

K. Ramachandra Reddy — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: According to Ayurvedic literature, Brahmi is highly recommended for the management of
psychiatric problems since it acts on the brain. In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, Brahmi, a herb is recommended
for the management of various psychological disorders such as Alakshmi (inauspicious condition), Unmada
(insanity), and Apasmara (epilepsy). Drug quality is a basic necessity in this day and age, and analytical testing
can help combat impurities or subpar pharmaceuticals. Materials and Methods: Compound analysis of Brahmi
Juice ( Swarasa) using liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: LC-MS analysis shows
major compound such as L-Phenylalanine, Phenylacetylene, DL-Arginine, Azelaic acid, Erucamide, D-(+)-
Pyroglutamic acid, L-Glutamic acid, Valine, Choline, L-Isoleucine, DL-Tryptophan, L-(-)-Methionine, and
Beta-Ionone which play a significant role in neuroprotection. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of
compounds rich in neurotransmitters which also act as neurotonics having their specific neuroprotective effect
in conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinsonism, and Dementia. By employing a wide array of testing
procedures, manufacturers are able to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and supply consumers with
a better product that effectively delivers Brahmi’s therapeutic benefits.

Across-Sectional Observational Study on Drug Utilization and Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Ramayanam Navakanth Raju — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) affect the airways and lungs, including conditions such as
bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. These infections are a leading cause of mortality from infectious diseases
worldwide, often caused by bacterial and viral pathogens. Despite their prevalence, antibiotic prescribing trends in
LRTIs remain underexplored, particularly in Indian healthcare settings. Objectives: This study investigates the patterns
of antibiotic prescription for LRTIs, including bronchitis, in a tertiary care teaching hospital, with a focus on monoand
poly-antibiotic therapies. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Sri Venkateswara
Institute of Medical Science, Tirupathi, India. Data were collected from 72 participants, including demographic
information, clinical history, and self-medication practices. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical
Package for Social Sciences software. The study focused on prescription patterns, gender distribution, and the types
of antibiotics prescribed. Results: A greater proportion of males than females were found to suffer from LRTIs. Out
of the total prescriptions analyzed, 57% were for mono-antibiotic therapy, while 7% involved poly-antibiotic therapy.
LRTI diagnoses, including non-specific LRTI, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and pleural effusion, accounted for 76.28% of
the cases, with 23.6% of the cases attributed to bronchitis. Augmentin and doxycycline were the two most frequently
prescribed antibiotics. A comparison of the prescribed daily dose and defined daily dose of antibiotics was performed.
Conclusions: The study highlights the predominant use of mono-antibiotic therapy over poly-antibiotic therapy in
treating LRTIs. The findings underscore the need for better antibiotic stewardship to manage the rising number of
LRTI patients. Further efforts are required to optimize treatment strategies and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lip balm - An Ideal Decorative Cosmetic for Lips

V. Sarovar Reddy — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: For decades, cosmetics gained a lot of importance; a day, it would be indispensable for the mankind to maintain
health and hygiene with appearance. In the category of cosmetic products, the present investigation focused on lip balm
which is a type of lip cosmetics. The aim is to formulate and evaluate the novel lip balm. Materials and Methods:
By using ingredients such as beeswax, shea butter, cocoa butter, coconut oil, almond oil, glycerin, orange oil, and
a coloring agent. The beeswax was used as a base, and for glossiness, shea butter and cocoa butter as an emollient,
coconut oil and almond oil as moisturizing agents, glycerin for a glossy and moisturizing agent, orange oil as a
flavoring agent, and turmeric as a coloring agent. A total of 8 formulations were prepared with different compositions
ranging from F1 to F8 to select the best formulation for the future scope of study. The prepared formulation for
evaluated for suitable parameters such as determination of pH, skin irritation, perfume stability, spreadability, melting
point, and breaking point. Results and Discussion: All the formulations show a yellow color appearance with a
pleasant odor. The pH for F1 to F8 was in the range of 6.2–6.5, a melting point of 60°–66°C, and a breaking point of
28 g–32 g. All the formulations do not show any skin irritation and spreadability shows from average to very good.
Conclusion: By considering the results of all the parameters, the F8 formulation was selected as the best formulation.
Hence, the F8 formulation met the objective of the present study which may hold promise for future studies

An Effective Method Employing Alginate- TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Removing Bentazone Herbicide Residues from Water

Y. Prashanthi — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Our study explored the use of alginate-TiO₂ nanoparticles to effectively remove pesticide residues from water. We
synthesized alginate-TiO₂ nanoparticles and characterized them using XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, and FTIR. We then
evaluated their ability to degrade four common bentazone residues in aqueous solutions under various sunlight
conditions. Sterile buffer water solutions (pH 4, 7, and 9) containing 1 mg/L bentazone were prepared in a single
replicate and stored in clear glass bottles. The bottles were sealed, covered with aluminum foil, and kept in direct
sunlight. At periodically, the samples were tested for bentazone concentration using a validated HPLC method.
On day 10, the photolysis test showed that 4.21%, 6.83%, and 15.28% of the bentazone had been hydrolyzed in
the pH-4, pH-7, and pH-9 buffers, respectively. On day 2, the photocatalysis test using nanocatalyst revealed that
89.20%, 90.26%, and 97.12% of the bentazone were catalyzed, respectively. According to the findings, nanocatalyst
is an effective decontaminating agent for removing pesticide residues from water. Alginate-TiO₂ nanocatalyst
gives cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional decontamination methods.
Our study suggests that alginate-TiO₂ nanocatalyst is a promising nanomaterial for removing pesticide residues
from water, with potential applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. We hope that
our findings will encourage further research on this issue and contribute to the development of sustainable and
environmentally friendly solutions for enhancing water quality.

Ameliorative Effects of MnO Nanoparticles on Acute Kidney Injury Model in Rats

Akbar Ali — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aims: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is described as an abrupt and generally reversible damage of renal function
that occurs over days or weeks. Nearly 20% of nephrotoxicity is associated with the use of antimicrobials and
antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The evaluation of the possible protective effect of MnO nanoparticles (NPs)
as well as explore their toxic effects on the kidneys of rat models. MnO NPs were prepared and evaluated for their
physicochemical properties. The effect of MnO NPs was compared with gentamicin. Results and Discussion: In vivo
data showed no toxicity according to zootechnical parameters, blood biochemistry, and organ system toxicity in
MnO NP treatment groups. The protective effect of the MnO NPs group as compared to the gentamicin treatment
group was observed. Conclusion: Hence, using the MnO NPs will help improve the AKI values.

Clinical and Psychological Factors Affecting Distress Among Chronic Warfarin Patients with Uncontrolled International Normalized Ratio - Findings and Implications

Muhammad Shahid Iqbal — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and psychological factors of distress among patients on warfarin
therapy with uncontrolled International Normalized Ratio (INR) in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This
study used a convenience sampling method to achieve the target size. Perceived distress was measured using
a short version of the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale 10. The responses were recorded and statistical analysis
was conducted. Results and Discussion: Among the participants, a maximum of the participants were male
(n = 280, 68.5%) compared to the females (n = 129, 31.5%). A maximum of the participants were in the above
65 years category. Among all the participants, 347 patients showed the presence of low distress and 62 showed
the presence of high distress. This result indicates that there is a positive correlation between the age (P = 0.005)
and duration of warfarin (P = 0.011) with distress in included patients. Associated comorbidities and history of
hospitalization showed no association with distress in the study population. Conclusion: This study reported that
warfarin patients in Pakistan experienced a lower level of distress despite their uncontrolled INR. However, few
of the factors, such as age and duration of warfarin, were shown to be associated with the higher level of distress
in the study participants.

Knowledge, Attitude, Usage Types, and Factors Affecting Dietary Herbal Supplements’ Usage Pattern among Chronic Disease Patients

Muhammad Shahid Iqbal — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, usage and factors affecting dietary herbal supplements’ usage
pattern among chronic disease patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among
patients with chronic diseases. This study was conducted using a pre-validated, self-administered questionnaire,
designed after an extensive literature review. Results and Discussion: Out of total 134 patients, 120 (89.6%)
were males while 14 (10.4%) were females. Our studied patients had very good knowledge about dietary herbal
supplements usage (mean knowledge score 7.8 (±3.45)) and majority had relatively positive attitude 103 (76.9%)
toward dietary herbal supplements usage. This study found a strong positive correlation between the knowledge
and attitude scores (r = 0.903, P = 0.011). Elderly, males, high-income and patients suffering from comorbidities
had higher knowledge and positive attitude scores compared to the rest (P < 0.05). The study’s findings showed
that the majority of the patients with chronic illnesses used ginger 41 (13.1%), mint 35 (11.2%), fennel 34 (10.9%),
and anise 34 (10.5%) as dietary herbal supplements. Conclusion: The good knowledge and moderate to strong
attitude toward dietary herbal supplements still emphasized the role of healthcare providers especially clinical and
hospital pharmacists to increase awareness about the benefits of dietary herbal supplements among the chronic
disease patients suffering from multiple comorbidities.

Simultaneous Surgery and Management in Patients with Chronic Cholecystitis and Gynecological Diseases

Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Simultaneous surgery for chronic cholecystitis and gynecological diseases is a complex clinical
scenario that requires careful consideration of the operation and anesthetic risks involved. This study aimed
to evaluate the outcomes of patients who underwent simultaneous operations for these combined conditions
at the National Clinical Center of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic between 2019 and 2023.
Materials and Methods: A total of 132 patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical approach and
volume of the operation: Group I (n = 63, 47.7%) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and gynecological
laparoscopy (LC + GL), while Group II (n = 69, 52.3%) underwent LC and open cholecystectomy (LC + OC).
Results: The mean age was 53.5 ± 2.8 years for Group 1 and 52.2 ± 2.7 years for Group 2, with no significant
age difference between the groups (P > 0.05). The most common gynecological diseases among the patients were
uterine fibroids (52.2%), adenomyosis (30.3%), and ovarian cysts (11.4%). In 35 (55.5%) patients who underwent
LC, surgeons employed conventional methods for pelvic organ operations, utilizing a 10 mm periumbilical trocar
for the laparoscope and two 5 mm trocars in the iliac regions. Conclusion: The results suggest that simultaneous
surgery for chronic cholecystitis and gynecological diseases can be performed safely, reducing the patient’s
physical burden and treatment and recovery time. However, further research is needed to better understand the
risks and benefits of this approach in different patient populations.

Effectiveness of the Lace Method in Osteosynthesis for Hand Fractures in the Kyrgyz Republic

Sultan Tukeshov, Urmat Alybaev, Burulai Emilbekova, Rohini Kaku, Tugolbai Tagaev — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Hand fracture management remains complex, with treatment approaches varying based on fracture
type, patient characteristics, and healthcare system constraints. Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to
determine the effectiveness of the lace method of osteosynthesis in the Kyrgyz Republic and the anesthetic aspects
of this method. Materials and Methods: Patients aged 3–71 years with confirmed wrist fractures were divided
into two groups: Group 1 (n = 90) underwent cord osteosynthesis, while Group 2 (n = 34) received standard
osteosynthesis treatment. The study compared general and administrative indicators of medical care quality
between the groups. Results: Domestic injuries were prevalent in all groups and categories, while work injuries
had a more stable distribution. Conductor cells accounted for the majority of anesthesia types in both groups
(42.20% in Group 1 and 50.00% in Group 2). Group 1 had a higher percentage of local and general anesthesia,
whereas Group 2 had a higher content of conductive anesthesia. The age distribution differed between the
groups, with Group 1 primarily composed of children of primary and secondary school age, while Group 2 had a
higher proportion of adults aged 18–50 years. Conclusion: The findings suggest differences in the composition
of anesthesia used and age distribution between the two groups, which may have implications for treatment
outcomes and functional activity. Further research is needed to establish standardized guidelines for hand fracture
management and to evaluate the effectiveness of the lace method of osteosynthesis in various patient populations.

Metabolic Matching and Morphofunctional Parameters of Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Study of Super-Rapid and Delayed Recovery in Asystole Donors

Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Deceased donor kidney transplantation is a crucial alternative for patients with end-stage renal
disease lacking living donors. This study aimed to characterize the morphofunctional parameters of post-mortem
renal allograft (RA ex-mortuo) transplantation when modeling super-rapid recovery and delayed recovery for
two types of asystole donors. Materials and Methods: The study assessed the morphological and histochemical
parameters of RA ex-mortuo under ex vivo conditions in 39 dogs. The morphological analysis involved kidney
biopsies and perfusate examination using light microscopy, morphometric studies, and histostereometric analysis.
The study evaluated the height of the renal epithelium in the proximal and distal tubules, the specific volume of
glomeruli in the cortex, and the prevalence of dystrophic changes in the tubular epithelium. Lipid peroxidation
products in the perfusate were analyzed, and tissue enzyme activity was measured. The study proposed an
evaluation algorithm and corresponding criteria to characterize the resource potential of delayed recovery. The
effectiveness of RA rehabilitation ex-mortuo was evaluated using a scale based on morphological and metabolic
disorder severity. Results: The study pioneered the multicriteria principle to classify asystolic donors as super
rapid and delayed recovery, enhancing the understanding of theoretical and practical integration in simulated
reality. Using non-perfusion hypothermia ex vivo for rehabilitating RA ex-mortuo requires 60 min to lower basal
metabolism, as indicated by reduced succinate dehydrogenase and phenoloxidase activity. Early rehabilitation
stages showed decreased metabolism, with enzyme activity significantly decreasing at 30 min. Metabolic disorders
were satisfactory at 35 points and mild to severe at 16 points. Conclusion: The activity of key enzymes during
ex-mortuo RA rehabilitation showed reduced metabolic processes in both models. Indicators such as AR (−0.09)
and AF (0.001%) suggest positive rehabilitation outcomes at both 30 and 120 min, which are closely linked to the
temporal risk factor.

Orphan Drug Dynamics in India: Challenges, Strategies, and Success Story

Megha Patel — Wed, 25 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

An orphan drug is the pharmaceutical product formulated to treat rare health conditions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of orphan drugs, focusing on their definition, regulatory status, as well as the challenges and initiatives related to orphan drug development and accessibility in India. It highlights the significant improvements in India’s regulatory framework for orphan drugs, including expedited review processes and exemptions from certain clinical trial requirements. The article also presents a list of orphan drugs sponsored by Indian companies, demonstrating India’s contributions to orphan drug development. Furthermore, it showcases a success story of an orphan drug introduced by Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, emphasizing the importance of research and innovation in addressing unmet medical needs. Finally, future directions in orphan drug research, such as gene therapy and repurposing existing drugs, are discussed, along with the potential of global collaboration and regulatory harmonization to expedite access to innovative therapies for patients worldwide

Emerging Trends and Advancements in Pharmaceutical FormulationsTechnologies

Dr Kanaka Durga Devi Nelluri — Wed, 25 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The field of pharmaceutics has seen remarkable advancements in recent years, driven by technological innovations, novel drug delivery systems, and a deeper understanding of drug physicochemical properties. This review highlights the latest developments in pharmaceutics, encompassing drug delivery systems, formulation strategies, and emerging trends. Advanced drug delivery systems, including nano-based carriers and stimuli-responsive platforms, offer precise control over drug release and targeting. Formulation strategies such as solid dispersion technology and lipid-based formulations improve drug solubility and bioavailability. Emerging trends focus on sustainable drug delivery using natural polymers, personalized medicine based on pharmacogenomics, and continuous manufacturing techniques. The integration of interdisciplinary approaches, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology, is driving innovation in pharmaceutical formulations. Overall, these advancements hold promise for enhancing therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and addressing medical needs, driving the field of pharmaceutics toward transformative growth

Nutraceuticals: A Holistic Approach to Health

Dilsar Gohil — Wed, 25 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nutraceuticals, bridging nutrition and medicine, form a billion-dollar global industry. With dissatisfaction over costly medical treatments, consumers turn to healthier diets and nutraceuticals for an alternative. Recent scientific advances introduce concepts such as nutraceuticals, promising disease prevention, and reduced health-care costs. These compounds, categorized by natural sources, offer personalized, long-term solutions with a focus on holistic health. They play key roles in managing conditions from cardiovascular issues to neurodegenerative diseases, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting cancer cell growth, and boosting cognitive function. As we look forward, genetics and personalized medicine will customize nutraceutical interventions, and the market for functional foods and plant-based nutraceuticals will expand as consumers seek healthier options. Ongoing research, technology, and regulatory standards will continue shaping healthcare’s future, making nutraceuticals a key player in disease prevention and holistic well-being

Telemedicine: Advancing Smarter by Evolution through Decades

Mohd Imran — Wed, 25 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Telemedicine has undergone significant transformation over the past several decades, evolving from rudimentary communication tools to sophisticated digital health platforms. This manuscript examines the historical progression, technological advancements, and broad applications of telemedicine, highlighting its impact on health-care delivery. A systematic review of literature and case studies was conducted, focusing on the technological, regulatory, and clinical aspects of telemedicine. Key sources include peer-reviewed journals, official health organization reports, and case studies demonstrating practical applications of telemedicine. The evolution of telemedicine is closely linked with advancements in communication technologies, including the Internet, mobile devices, and artificial intelligence. These technologies have enhanced the accessibility, reliability, and functionality of telemedicine platforms. Telemedicine has significantly improved health-care delivery, particularly in remote and underserved areas. It has enabled remote consultations, diagnostics, chronic disease management, and mental health services, thus increasing patient access and continuity of care. Telemedicine represents a transformative shift in health-care delivery, offering enhanced patient care, improved access, and cost efficiencies. Its evolution reflects continuous innovation, increased acceptance, and supportive regulatory environments. Future efforts should focus on overcoming existing challenges and leveraging emerging technologies to further integrate telemedicine into the health-care ecosystem. The potential applications of telemedicine extend beyond traditional health-care settings, promising smarter, more efficient, and more equitable health care for all

Leveraging the Potential Benefits of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Substance Abuse

Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There is a global increase in the number of reported cases of drug misuse and addictions. In addition to several health
issues, the addict-forming substance affects society economically. Cocaine, heroin, opium, alcohol, nicotine, and
marijuana are a few of the major substances that are abused. These agents’ inexpensive cost and wide availability
contribute to their abuse. Many conventional medications are available to treat substance abuse-related disorders,
but they come with several side effects. One potential treatment option for the issues experienced by addicts is
the use of alternative medications obtained from natural sources. The current study provided an overview of
a few published studies that suggested herbal medication may be effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms.
The information was obtained from the Web of Science, NCBI, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. The
retrieved data were analyzed to determine the active constituent present in the plant material, the type of addict
substance tested, and the possible mechanism identified. The research identified some of the plants that have been
reported to be effective in the management of substance abuse complications. Information analysis revealed that
plant-based medications helped lessen anxiety, pain, insomnia, and deviant conduct, among other consequences of
substance usage. Withdrawal as well as dependence liabilities due to addictive agents were found to be reduced.
The plant-based medicines exhibited their action on brain centers involving dopaminergic, serotonergic, and
adrenergic transmission. The observations from the study revealed that herbal medicines were effective in the
management of substance abuse complications. However, most of the investigations were conducted using preclinical testing models. Therefore, it can be said that while herbal medications showed promise in treating drug
abuse-related problems, further study is necessary to pinpoint the exact safety and effectiveness of these agents.

Microsponge: A Novel Approach for Topical Drug Delivery of Anti Rheumatoid Drugs

Krupa Joshi — Thu, 24 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Microsponge is one of the developing fields of science innovation, which can be capable of both regulated drug
delivery and site-specific administration of drugs. The determination of the particular pharmaceutical formulations
and way of distribution for delivery of the medicament is strongly influenced by the physical and chemical
characteristics of the microsponge, such as the size of particles, distribution of particle size, transparency, and
surface structure. An innovative technique for topical medicine delivery has also emerged: The microsponge. The
topical methods further benefit from flexible formulations, more patient participation, increased safety and overall
performance, and attractive characteristics. Immunomodulatory rheumatoid arthritis requires long-term therapy
to control the condition. Long-term administration of the marketed oral dosage forms may result in liver damage.
The topical way may represent a good alternative method for medication delivery with better drug stability, less
adverse effects, and less frequent administration. Microsponges have the ability to entrap significant amounts of
dosage and may also alter medication release due to its porous and spongy nature.

Emerging Innovations in Stimuli- Responsive Drug Carriers for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery

Nadeem Siddiqui — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Targeted drug delivery has revolutionized modern medicine by enabling the precise delivery of therapeutics to
specific sites while minimizing systemic side effects. This comprehensive review explores recent advancements
in targeted drug delivery systems, focusing on nanotechnology-based approaches, stimuli-responsive carriers,
and innovative targeting strategies. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic
nanoparticles, offer enhanced drug solubility and targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. Stimuli-responsive
drug carriers respond to environmental cues, allowing for controlled drug release. Targeting strategies employ
ligands to bind to receptors on target cells, enabling precise delivery of therapeutics. Applications span various
diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, and chronic conditions. Despite challenges
such as biocompatibility and regulatory considerations, targeted drug delivery holds promise for personalized
medicine, improving therapeutic efficacy, and patient outcomes.

Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence Applications in Pharmacy Practice

Abida — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The health-care industry is only one of several that has benefited from the revolutionary technology known as
artificial intelligence (AI). AI might greatly enhance pharmaceutical practice by better-managing medications
and patient care. Several AI applications in pharmacy practice are examined in this study. Using AI technology,
chemists are equipped with methods and tools that enable them to make clinical judgments based on reliable
evidence. Pharmacists can now analyze vast amounts of patient data, such as medical records, laboratory
results, and medication profiles, with the help of AI algorithms and machine learning. This allows them to
better assess the safety and effectiveness of medications, identify possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and
make recommendations based on patient needs. Predicting and detecting adverse drug events, automating
dispensing processes in community pharmacies, optimizing medication dosages, detecting DDIs, improving
adherence through smart technologies, detecting and preventing medication errors, providing medication therapy
management services, and supporting telemedicine initiatives are all possible with the help of specific AI models.
Integrating AI into clinical practice allows health-care providers to enhance patient care through personalized
decision-making. Various health-care services offered to a single patient may work together more effectively with
the help of AI. When it comes to medication, AI could help patients remember to take their medication at the
right times, educate them on the importance of taking their medication as prescribed, and increase the likelihood
that they will take their medication as prescribed. AI could also help patients find the most affordable health-care
options, improve their communication with health-care providers, optimize their health monitoring with wearable
devices, offer guidance on healthy lifestyle choices every day, and even incorporate exercise and diet into their
treatment plans.

A Contemporary Use of Generic drugs in the Healthcare System

Neeta Rai — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The term “drugs” or “medicines” refers to substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, mitigation, and prevention
of disease. However, the price is high. Not for everyone, however, the expense of the medications makes receiving
therapy very challenging for lower and middle-class individuals. The patient’s inability to pay for the cost of
the medications contributes to a great number of deaths. The health-care system underwent a revolution when
generic medications entered the market, and their market share is still growing today. Because these are genuine,
trustworthy, safe, affordable, and available to everyone, society’s poor and needy groups benefit. Now, there
is a substitute for expensive branded medications. The Indian government is doing a lot to increase access to
generic medications in both urban and rural areas, as well as to raise awareness among the public that these
medications are just as effective and safe as name-brand medications. Generic medications are produced by
numerous pharmaceutical companies and distributed through retail outlets. In addition, operating and delivering
generic medications to customers’ homes are e-pharmacies. Numerous Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi
Kendra (PMBJK) locations have been established by the government nationwide, where people can get generic
medications for a significantly reduced price. The history of generic medicine shows, how the prices are less than
standard medicines and how it can be beneficial for economic factors.

Medicinal Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Fagonia arabica Linn: A Comprehensive Review

Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Fagonia arabica, commonly known as “Dhamasa,” is revered in Ayurveda for its multifaceted medicinal properties.
Widely used in South Asia and the Middle East, it has been a staple in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda
and Unani. In this review, a comprehensive search was performed using various scientific databases, including
PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords such as “Fagonia Arabica Linn,” “therapeutic potential,” “medicinal
properties,” and “phytochemical constituents” were employed to ensure a comprehensive retrieval of relevant literature.
The extensive literature analysis showed that F. arabica has been long utilized in Middle Eastern and South Asian
populations for the treatment of a variety of illnesses, as well as in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. The plant exhibits a
rich history of ethnopharmacological uses across diverse geographic regions. From being a diuretic in India to treating
skin diseases and wounds, F. arabica’s applications are varied. In Pakistan, it is employed for treating hepatitis, and
fever, and even serves as an immunomodulator. The plant’s extensive use encompasses regions such as Libya and Saudi
Arabia, where it is used as an antihypertensive, antibacterial, and antioxidant. The chemical composition of F. arabica
includes flavonoids, triterpenoidal glycosides, and saponins. These compounds contribute to the plant’s antioxidant
activity, making it a potent natural remedy. F. arabica has a spectrum of pharmacological activities, including
anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, neuroprotective, and cytotoxic activity. The plant’s role as an immunomodulator,
deobstruent, analgesic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective adds to its pharmacological significance. F. arabica
stands as a medicinal marvel with a rich history of traditional use and a promising array of pharmacological benefits

Role of Pharmacists and Nurses to Avoid Physicochemical Drug Interactions to Ensure Patient Safety

Mohd Imran — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Healthcare professionals such as nurses and pharmacists play a vital role in patient care. The paper underscores
the roles of nurses and pharmacists in reducing physicochemical drug interaction and improving patient safety
thereby improving the overall healthcare system. A comprehensive literature analysis was done to investigate the
impact of physicochemical drug interactions, the responsibilities of nurses and pharmacists in minimizing these
interactions, and the value of multidisciplinary teamwork. The study also contains therapeutic recommendations
for avoiding drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-nutrient interactions. There has been an increasing rate of medication
error due to the physicochemical interaction of the drugs. The unexpected side effects during patient treatment
are particularly concerning, as they can elevate mortality and morbidity rates while driving up therapeutic costs.
The data show that approximately 50% of pharmaceutical mistakes are caused by physicochemical interactions,
particularly in intravenous dose forms. Nurses and pharmacists can work together to prevent these errors by
checking medication compatibility, continuously monitoring patient reactions, and revising compatibility
recommendations. As a team, pharmacists can examine prescriptions to avoid contraindicated drug combinations,
while nurses, as frontline caretakers, ensure that drugs are administered correctly and the food administered to the
patient does not negatively interact with the medications. Both experts must work together to discover and avoid
physicochemical incompatibilities, which improves patient safety and lowers healthcare costs. This coordinated
approach is critical for reducing prescription mistakes while improving the overall stability and efficacy of
pharmacological formulations in patient care.

Antiviral Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia – A Review

Kanyaga Parameshwari — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Since ages, plants have had a pivotal role as medicine due to their therapeutic value. Tinospora cordifolia is a
well-known plant with versatile medicinal properties including hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial, which can be attributed to its secondary metabolites. Viral infections
constitute a major faction of human diseases. Developing efficient and novel therapeutic agents to combat viral
diseases is an ongoing process, wherein plant-derived natural products are a potential source. T. cordifolia has
been explored for its use in viral infections as an immunomodulatory and antiviral agent. Bioactive components of
the plant, such as berberine, tinosponone, tinocordiside, isocolumbin, magnoflorine, tinosporin, and cordiofoliside
have been reported to exhibit antiviral efficacy. The present review summarizes the efficacy of T. cordifolia as an
anti-viral agent and its role in combating viral infections.

Recent Advancements and Therapeutic Applications of the Niosomal Drug Delivery System

Mayur R. Dandekar — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Niosomes are a novel class of creative vesicular structures. They are made of biodegradable and essentially
harmless non-ionic surfactants. They were created as more affordable and reliable alternatives to liposomes.
Their function has expanded to include various application areas since they were first introduced to the cosmetics
sector. They are currently being investigated as prospective medication delivery systems for focused and sustained
delivery. They can be administered through ocular, transdermal, vaginal, and inhalation in addition to traditional,
oral, and parenteral methods. Niosome delivery of biotechnological goods, like vaccines, is another fascinating
and promising study topic. These systems have become even more relevant in developing a particular strategy
in the form of proteasomes. Further, focused research efforts are still needed to fully exploit these innovative
technologies. With a focus on their function in drug targeting, this review examines the current state and promise
of niosomes in drug delivery. Their preparation techniques, formulation features, benefits, drawbacks, and
applications are also described.

Advancing Knowledge with Ultraviolet- Spectroscopy: Recent Trends and Future Insights

Mayur R. Dandekar — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

One popular analytical method for looking at molecules’ electronic transitions is UV-Vis spectroscopy. The theoretical
foundations of UV-Vis spectroscopy, including the theory of molecular orbits and the kinds of electronic transitions
that cause absorption in the UV and visible spectrums, are examined in this review article. It also discusses the
variables that affect absorption spectra, including conjugation, chromophores, and solvent effects. Important uses
such as statistical analysis, molecular structure identification, and conjugated system research are also highlighted in
the text. It is explored what the future holds for UV-Vis spectroscopy in both industry and research.

Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Assurance in the 21st Century

Mayur R. Dandekar — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In the 21st century, the pharmaceutical industry faces dynamic and ever-evolving challenges that demand a
robust commitment to quality control and assurance. This review article delves into the multifaceted landscape
of pharmaceutical quality, highlighting plays’ critical role in ensuring medication safety and efficacy. As the
pharmaceutical world experiences profound shifts driven by technological advertisement, global supply chains,
and regulatory updates this article offers an in-depth exploration of the key facets that define quality control and
assurance in this era. Regulatory oversight has significantly transformed, with agencies such as the FDA and
EMA adapting to keep pace with the industry’s changing dynamics. We examine the current regulatory landscape,
its impact on quality standards, and the growing emphasis on transparency and compliance. Advertisements
in analytical techniques have revolutionized quality control, from mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic
resonance to sophisticated spectroscopy methods. This article explores these advanced tools and their contribution
to product quality. Quality by design (QbD) principles have gained traction, advocating a proactive approach to
quality control by integrating it into the product development process. We discuss the implications of QbD and
its tangible benefits. Looking to the future, we predict emerging trends that will continue to shape pharmaceutical
quality control and assurance technology such as blockchain and 3D printing are expected to play pivotal roles.
In conclusion, this comprehensive review serves as a vital resource for professionals, researchers, and playmakers
seeking a nuanced understanding of the ever-evolving terrain of pharmaceutical quality control and assurance. It
emphasizes the critical importance of adapting to meet modern challenges and seizing opportunities for innovation
in the pursuit of pharmaceutical excellence.

A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Applications and Development in Nanocarriers

Nikhita Chambhare — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nanocarriers have shown promise as effective delivery vehicles. Controlled release, and enhanced efficacy of
therapeutics, imaging agents, and functional payloads in various applications. An overview of the synthesis
processes, characterization methodologies, and uses of nanocarriers in agriculture, environmental sustainability,
and healthcare is given in this abstract. Common types of nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric
nanoparticles, dendrimers, and metal-based nanoparticles, are discussed, along with their synthesis methods and
key properties. Characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering,
Fourier-transform infrared, and cell viability assays are highlighted for evaluating the physicochemical properties,
stability, and biocompatibility of nanocarriers. Applications of nanocarriers in drug delivery, diagnostics, gene
therapy, agriculture, and environmental remediation are explored, showcasing their potential to address critical
challenges and improve human health and environmental sustainability. Despite their promise, nanocarriers
face challenges such as biocompatibility concerns, stability issues, and regulatory considerations, necessitating
interdisciplinary collaboration and rigorous safety assessments for their successful translation into practical
use. Looking ahead, nanocarriers hold tremendous promise for personalized medicine, combination therapies,
smart and stimuli-responsive systems, theragnostic, and sustainable solutions, shaping a future where precision,
efficiency, and tailored solutions transform healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management. To fully
utilize nanocarrier technology and advance science, health, and technology for the good of society, more funding,
cooperation, and research will be needed.

Review on Face Serum

Sunita Vaidya — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Face serums are specialty skincare concoctions that target particular issues and produce noticeable results by
deeply delivering powerful active ingredients into the skin. These thin, highly concentrated products are usually
made with a combination of healthy ingredients such as retinol, hyaluronic acid, Vitamin C, or alpha-hydroxy acids.
Depending on how they are made, face serums can have a wide range of effects, but they frequently have hydrate,
anti-aging, brightening, exfoliating, soothing, and oil-control properties. You can address your specific skincare
concerns and achieve healthier, more radiant skin by adding the right serum to your skincare routine. Over the
past 10 years, the cosmetics industry has consistently expanded. The large and expanding youth population is one
of the main factors driving growth in this category. Indian women today are more concerned with keeping their
skin youthful and radiant by minimizing wrinkles and changing the color of their skin. This has led to an increase
in the market for skin care products of all kinds. Like any other cream, serum is a highly concentrated product
based on water or oil. A small number of ingredients in the serum are intended to maximize the availability of the
active ingredient, which could be a growth factor, vitamin, botanical extract, etc. Because the serum has a lower
viscosity, it absorbs more quickly and penetrates the skin’s deep layers to target different areas and provide the
most nourishing skin. Face serums address a variety of skincare needs by providing hydration, anti-aging benefits,
brightening effects, exfoliation, soothing qualities, and oil control. Face serums, which provide customized
solutions for attaining healthier, more radiant skin, have become essential components of contemporary skincare
routines due to their lightweight texture and potent efficacy. Photodamage and ultraviolet exposure can cause
unwanted outcomes such as wrinkles on the face and aging of the skin. The deep formula of the serum has a high
concentration of active ingredients, a non-greasy finish, quick absorption, and the capacity to penetrate the skin’s
deep layers. The goal of the research was to create a serum using a polyhedral extract based on these features.
Face serum is a highly concentrated cosmetic product made of olive oil, betel fruit extract, and Aloe vera gel.
Face serum made with A. vera, bael fruit extract, and olive oil is a very potent cosmetic. A. vera serum can absorb
quickly and penetrate deeper, which gives us immediate cosmetic benefits as well as psychological satisfaction.

Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improvement of Solubility of Drug

Manjusha Bhange — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this review, we examine the solubility properties of compounds and the different ways to improve solubility for
more efficient action. We also address the common variables that affect solubilities, such as polarity, polymorphs,
molecular size, temperature, pressure, wildlife of the solute and flush, and particle scope. To overcome these
solubility problems, various approaches have been taken to increase solubility. These include physical modification,
chemical modification, and miscellaneous methods. One of the most efficient techniques we discuss is the Self-
Emulsifying Medicine Transfer Scheme (self-emulsifying drug delivery system), which is suitable for emulsions
with droplet sizes around 100 nm to 300 nm. We also discuss the further modification of SEDDS, which is the selfmicro
blending medication transfer system (self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system). SMEDDS is useful for
droplet sizes around or near 50 nm, and we compare its advantages and disadvantages with those of emulsions. We
also cover the criteria for selecting excipients such as oil, surfactant, and solvents for the groundwork of SEDDS
and SMEDDS. In addition, we discuss the methods of preparation of emulsions and their characterization. Finally,
we examine the different techniques for solidifying liquid/semisolid emulsions into solid preparations along with
their advantages and disadvantages. We conclude with a list of dosage forms for oral administration. This review
provides a comprehensive analysis of the solubility properties of compounds, focusing on the different approaches
to enhance solubility for more efficient action. We also delve into the common variables that affect solubilities,
including polarity, polymorphs, molecular size, temperature, pressure, countryside of the solute and solvent,
and particle magnitude. To overcome these solubility problems, various approaches have been taken to increase
solubility. These include physical modification, chemical modification, and miscellaneous methods. Among these,
the Self-Emulsifying Treatment Delivery Scheme (SEDDS) stands out as an efficient technique that is suitable
for emulsions with droplet sizes around 100 nm to 300 nm. Furthermore, we discuss the Self-Micro Emulsifying
Preparation Transfer Organization (SMEDDS), which is a further modification of SEDDS and offers advantages
over emulsions. We also provide an in-depth analysis of the criteria for selecting excipients such as oil, surfactant,
and solvents for the training of SEDDS and SMEDDS. In addition, we explore the methods of preparation of
emulsions and their characterization. Finally, we examine the different techniques for solidifying liquid/semisolid
emulsions into solid preparations, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. We conclude with a list of
dosage forms for oral administration. This review aims to provide a comprehensive guide for researchers and
professionals to overcome solubility issues and enhance solubility for more efficient drug delivery.

Targeted-based Nanocarriers for Control of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Current Aspects and Future Perspectives

Monika S. Hiware — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Oncology faces many challenges with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) a varied group of lymphatic system
tumors. Immunotherapeutic methods have supplemented or replaced chemotherapy for NHL treatment. Immune
checkpoint inhibitors improve NHL patient outcomes and quality of life. CAR-T cell treatments also enhance
patient prospects. Monoclonal antibody therapy is advancement. Several treatments are still used. Radiation
therapy is a part of this. Multimodal therapy approaches also include stem cell transplantation. The study also
examines treatment resistance and long-term side effects. Nano medicine uses nanomaterial’s to treat cancer.
Oncology entered a new age. This study gives hope for nanomaterial-based NHL treatment. A treatment more
successful, focused and humane.

Microneedles for Proteins and Peptides Delivery: Current Aspect and Future Perspective

Renuka Pattewar — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

More than half of the top 20 most famous drugs fall under biopharmaceuticals, with projections indicating a $388
billion value by 2024 that shows how effective protein, peptide, and antibody-based treatments are. However, the
methods for effective medication delivery have been limited by the inherent characteristics of biopharmaceuticals.
Although the intravenous route offers 100% bioavailability, patients frequently link it with discomfort and needle
anxiety, which might result in resistance to receiving necessary therapy. Since then, several non-invasive techniques
have been developed to get beyond these restrictions. One such tactic is microneedles (MNs), which can painlessly
pierce the stratum corneum barrier and significantly improve transdermal medication delivery of various medicines.
This review summarizes several studies that strive to enhance MN-based transdermal biopharmaceutical delivery.
The ability to increase MN production at a lower cost and the application’s long-term safety will be key factors
in determining the full potential of MNs as a drug delivery technology for biopharmaceuticals. Thus, the existing
obstacles to the clinical translation of MNs are also examined, along with potential solutions.

Potentials of Hydrogel in Tissue Engineering: An Overview

Bindu Vijay — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Over the years, the demand for tissue and organs has grown due to accidents and other disease conditions.
Tissue repair and restoration are vital for maintaining the body’s integrity. However, the biggest challenge in
tissue damage and repair has been finding an alternative cell/tissue for damage repair. Tissue engineering has
proven successful in this field. Its primary objective lies in the creation of synthetic alternatives that bear close
resemblance to natural tissues. Today, tissue regeneration from synthetic alternatives is successfully considered
for treating several types of tissue damage and repair, including chronic kidney disease. This paper aims to give an
overview of tissue engineering, emphasising hydrogel as a potential biomaterial for tissue engineering.

Herbal Extract Nano-formulation for Huntington’s disease Treatment

Sapana A. Patil — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The hallmark of Huntington’s disease (HD), an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is degeneration of neurons
of central nervous system (CNS). Tranquilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and monoamine depletors are
among the often utilized in treatments. These medications, however, are unable to stop the behavioral, cognitive,
and psychotic disorders linked to HD. Moreover, their long-term negative effects restrict their continuous use. Still,
due to their limited drug solubility and penetration to the target site, herbal medicines are unable to advance the
phase of clinical investigation. Herbal formulation and extracts that show potential in neurotoxic HD models must
have their active ingredients and underlying mechanisms of action thoroughly investigated. Several plants that are
known to be CNS-active medications, such as Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, Cannabis sativa,
and Curcuma longa L. were listed as the most promising anti-HD options. In the past few decades, it has been a
paradigm shift in research toward the creation of nanoformulations based on herbal medications that can improve
their permeability through blood-brain barrier and bioavailability. This review addresses the phytomedicines
investigated against HD, current clinical studies on herbal medications used only for HD treatment, and the
possible neuroprotective effects of these drug’s nanocarriers.

Beyond Menopause - Navigating Holistic Approach in Managing Dry Eyes

B. N. Ashwini — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Among all ocular conditions, dry eye remains one of the most prevalent in clinical practice, ranging from 5% to
50% with higher variations in signs than symptoms. Increased age, female sex, and Asian ethnicity are among
the most consistent risk factors for developing dry eye disease. The prevalence of dry eye increased by 14.4%
in people aged 48–91, with the prevalence of the disorder more than doubling after the age of 59. Females are
more prone to develop dryness, especially in the post-menopausal age group. Sex hormones play a key role in
maintaining the homeostasis of the tear film. Hence, older women tend to develop dry eyes more than the other
age groups. Considering the clinical features of dry eyes and analyzing the diseases in Ayurveda Netra Roga, the
disease closely resembles the condition Shushkakshipaka Dosha predominance according to Sushruta is vata and
Vagbhata explains it as vata pitta pradhanavyadhi. Aggravation of vata and pitta dosha leads to the shoshana of
nethragatasneha contributed by kapha dosha. Considering the age and ritunivrutii kala (menopausal age), both are
dominated by vata and also the disease. In consideration with the normal dry eyes population, this age group needs
special consideration in addressing both post-menopausal dry eyes and other menopause-related issues. Hence,
this review is planned to establish the correlation between dry eyes and shushkakshipaka to explore a better
alternative treatment for post-menopausal dry eyes, and improve overall health in this population.

A REVIEW ON MICROSPHERES AS DRUG CARRIERS

Sunita N. Vaidya — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Orally modified-release multiple-unit dosages have consistently shown themselves to be a more successful therapeutic
choice than other dosage types. Novel medication delivery systems have several advantages over conventional
multidose therapy. Current trends indicate that the use of micro particles in drug delivery systems can result in
regulated or delayed release formulations for oral use with minimal risk of dose dumping, variable blending to achieve
different release patterns, and predictable and short stomach residence time. In addition to their prolonged release,
microspheres garnered significant interest for their capability to specifically target drugs. It has been demonstrated
that oral modified-release multiple-unit dosage is a more efficacious treatment option in comparison to traditional or
quick-release single-unit dosage forms. Innovative drug delivery methods are superior to traditional multidose therapy
in a number of ways. According to current trends, the use of microparticles in drug delivery systems can lead to
formulations that are regulated or released gradually for ingestion with a low risk of dose dumping, blending that can
be adjusted to achieve diverse release patterns, and a stomach residence period that is predictable and brief. In addition
to their extended release, microspheres attracted a lot of attention due to their capacity to target medications precisely.

Enhancing Medication Solubility Using Nanosuspension: A Method

Isha A. Mirzapure — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Its extremely low bioavailability is the main problem with poorly soluble medicines. The presence of medications
such as carbamazepine, simvastatin, and itraconazole – which are insoluble in both watery and non-aqueous
solutions and belong to the BCS class II of the pharmacological classification system – complicates matters even
more. Formulation as nanosuspension is a desirable and feasible answer to these problems. The drug is distributed
as a so-called nanosuspension, which is a pure, poorly water-soluble drug without any matrix components. The
simple synthesis of nanosuspensions can be advantageous for all drugs that are soluble in water. A nanosuspension
changes a drug’s pharmacokinetics, boosting safety and efficacy in addition to improving the drug’s soluble
condition and low bioavailability. The preparation techniques, article description, and review findings.

Revolutionizing Glaucoma Care: Innovative Latanoprost Drug Delivery Takes Aim at Vision Loss

Shivani R. Makhijani — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Glaucoma remains one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, presenting a significant public
health challenge. Current glaucoma management primarily relies on eye drops, with prostaglandin analogs, such
as latanoprost being a cornerstone of treatment. However, patient adherence, ocular side effects, and the need
for consistent dosing pose substantial obstacles to effective care. This review paper introduces a groundbreaking
approach to glaucoma management through innovative latanoprost drug delivery. By leveraging cutting-edge
drug delivery technologies, including sustained-release systems and advanced ocular implants, this revolutionary
approach aims to address the limitations of conventional eye drops and transform glaucoma care. In conclusion,
the integration of innovative latanoprost drug delivery systems holds great promise for revolutionizing glaucoma
care. These advancements offer the potential to significantly reduce the burden of vision loss associated with
glaucoma and improve the quality of life for affected individuals. Further research and clinical trials are essential
to validate the safety and efficacy of these new approaches and usher in a new era of glaucoma management.

Niosomes as Efficient Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery

Anupriya Kapoor — Sun, 15 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The localization of pharmacological molecules to stick locations is made possible by target-specific drug delivery
systems with its bi-layer structure made of non-ionic surfactants, the noisome vesicular system can temporarily
increase a drug’s bioavailability in a specific location. Scientists who study drug delivery systems have been highly
concerned with the creation of vesicles as a means of enhancing medication delivery in recent years. Niosomes’
amphiphilic character enhances their ability to effectively encapsulate hydrophilic or lipophilic medications. It
is common practice to add additional ingredients, like cholesterol, to preserve the niosomes’ structural stiffness.
When comparing the great chemical stability and effectiveness of the replacement with niosomes, liposomes use
vesicles for medicinal and therapeutic applications, which have several advantages. They boost the therapeutic
efficiency of drug molecules by keeping the medicine from exiting circulation too quickly, shielding it from its
genetic environment, and lessening its effect on target cells. This research concentrated on current advancements
in the distribution of niosomal medications, potential advantages over other delivery systems, building techniques,
characterization techniques, and recent research that is noisy. The use of niosomes in nanotechnology has the
potential to yield highly targeted, non- infective, and non-cancer agents. Proniosomes and aspasomes are a few
examples of novel concepts that have been used to enhance niosomes’ drug delivery capabilities. Niosomes
are also beneficial as a living component of vaccines and for diagnostic tests. Therefore, further research and
development are required in these areas to produce the niosomal preparations that are now on the market.