Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP)

Innovations in Topical Drug Delivery: Recent Developments in Transdermal Formulations, Gels, and Patches as Topical Medication Delivery Methods

2025-01-10T09:59:04+00:00

The article emphasizes new developments in transdermal formulations, gels, and patches as well as breakthroughs
in topical medication administration. Transdermal drug delivery has been transformed by emerging technologies
such as nanotechnology, 3D printing, and smart materials, which also improve precision and patient-centered
care. Customized mixtures made possible by 3D printing provide individualized care, and sensor-equipped smart
patches permit continuous observation. These advancements represent a paradigm change in the administration
of topical medications, with the potential to enhance therapeutic results, patient adherence, and the efficacy and
efficiency of treating a variety of dermatological and systemic disorders.

A Systematic Review of Gout: From Ancient Affection to Modern Challenges

2025-01-10T10:05:33+00:00

Gout is a severe form of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. One of the most common
types of arthritis, it can occasionally cause excruciating pain that causes immobility. Although it can affect other
joints such as the ankles, knees, wrists, and fingers, gout typically affects extremity joints, particularly the big
toe. Gout is distinguished by sudden, severe joint pain, redness, edema, and inflammation; the affected area is
frequently warm to the touch. Gout attacks are excruciatingly painful and can last from a few days to several
weeks. They may worsen again if nothing is done. Acid uric is a waste product that is created naturally during
the breakdown of purines; the kidneys typically remove it from the body. Uric acid builds up in the blood in gout
patients because their bodies either create too much of it or their kidneys are unable to properly remove it from
their bodies. Elevated uric acid can crystallize and accumulate in soft tissues and joints, causing the typical goutrelated
inflammatory reaction. Gout can be caused by a variety of factors, including heredity, obesity, a poor diet,
and specific medical conditions. Gout is treated and managed with a combination of dietary changes, lifestyle
changes, anti-inflammatories, and uric acid-lowering medications. Gout can be avoided by maintaining a healthy
weight, avoiding purine-rich foods, drinking plenty of water, and limiting alcohol consumption.

Brahmi: Nature’s Gift to Memory Enhancement in Pharmaceutical Sciences

2025-01-10T10:24:50+00:00

For Bacopa monnieri, the ancient medical system used the terms Brahmi and water hyssop. As a brain tonic
in the past, it was used to improve memory and learning help treat epileptic or anxiety issues. In addition, the
plant has been utilized to treat heart problems, digestive issues, and bronchoconstriction-related respiratory
issues. Bacosides A and B are present in Brahmi, and the primary alkaloid is Brahmin. Nicotine is also present.
In addition to D-mannitol, the Brahmi plant has other vital ingredients including potassium salts, hersaponin,
and Bacoside A and B. We focus our discussion in this study on the chemical structure, pharmacological
characteristics, and scientific studies that substantiate the claims made in Ayurveda that are not just limited
to its traditional applications. Older persons who have Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suffer from a neurological
illness. The significant rise in its incidence has forced the creation of more modern medications. Because of their
biosafety profile and potential benefit for treating cognitive impairment, Ayurvedic herbal medicines are being
studied more and more. In this post, we provide a critical analysis of one such Medhya Rasayana (nootropic
medication) that is made with Bacopa monnieri extract (EBm). Brahmi is a good brain tonic and it can be taken
at any age.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Effects of Triphala –Churna

2025-01-10T10:31:03+00:00

Triphala is a customary Ayurvedic course of action made from three Indian domestic developed common items:
Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, and Terminalia belerica. It is a tridoshic rasayana that equalizations
and rejuvenates the three sacrosanct components that regulate human life. Triphala is affluent in cancer
anticipation operators, antibacterial, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties, and is known to cure cataract and treat
Secured Secure Need Clutter (Makes a difference). It is a polyherbal definition with a one of a kind component
of movement, profitable for all three doshas (vata, pitta, and kapha) and contains compounds such as gallic
destructive, chebulagic destructive, and chebulinic destructive. Triphala’s tall Vitamin C substance and linoleic
oil make it a tonic. It has different antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, torment diminishing, antibacterial,
antimutagenic, wound recovering, anti-cariogenic, antistress, adaptogenic, anti-diabetic, and hypoglycaemic
properties.

A Review on Microspheres as Drug Carriers

2025-01-11T05:08:01+00:00

Orally modified-release multiple-unit dosages have consistently shown themselves to be a more successful
therapeutic choice than other dosage types. Novel medication delivery systems have several advantages over
conventional multidose therapy. Current trends indicate that the use of microparticles in drug delivery systems
can result in regulated or delayed release formulations for oral use with minimal risk of dose dumping, variable
blending to achieve different release patterns, and predictable and short stomach residence time. In addition to
their prolonged release, microspheres garnered significant interest for their capability to specifically target drugs.
It has been demonstrated that oral modified-release multiple-unit dosage is a more efficacious treatment option in
comparison to traditional or quick-release single-unit dosage forms. Innovative drug delivery methods are superior
to traditional multidose therapy in a number of ways. According to current trends, the use of microparticles in drug
delivery systems can lead to formulations that are regulated or released gradually for ingestion with a low risk of
dose dumping, blending that can be adjusted to achieve diverse release patterns, and a stomach residence period
that is predictable and brief. In addition to their extended release, microspheres attracted a lot of attention due to
their capacity to target medications precisely.

A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Applications and Development in Nanocarriers

2025-01-11T05:12:15+00:00

Nanocarriers have shown promise as effective delivery vehicles. Controlled release, and enhanced efficacy of
therapeutics, imaging agents, and functional payloads in various applications. An overview of the synthesis
processes, characterization methodologies, and uses of nanocarriers in agriculture, environmental sustainability,
and healthcare is given in this abstract. Common types of nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric
nanoparticles, dendrimers, and metal-based nanoparticles, are discussed, along with their synthesis methods
and key properties. Characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light
scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cell viability assays are highlighted for evaluating the
physicochemical properties, stability, and biocompatibility of nanocarriers. Applications of nanocarriers in drug
delivery, diagnostics, gene therapy, agriculture, and environmental remediation are explored, showcasing their
potential to address critical challenges and improve human health and environmental sustainability. Despite
their promise, nanocarriers face challenges such as biocompatibility concerns, stability issues, and regulatory
considerations, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration and rigorous safety assessments for their successful
translation into practical use. Looking ahead, nanocarriers hold tremendous promise for personalized medicine,
combination therapies, smart and stimuli-responsive systems, theragnostic, and sustainable solutions, shaping a
future where precision, efficiency, and tailored solutions transform healthcare, agriculture, and environmental
management. To fully utilize nanocarrier technology and advance science, health, and technology for the good of
society, more funding, cooperation, and research will be needed.

Exploring the Intranasal Medication Delivery Methods for the Management of Hypertension

2025-01-11T05:16:12+00:00

Intranasal drug delivery systems (INDS) have attracted interest as a possible tactic to enhance the bioavailability
and absorption of medications. The use of INDS to treat hypertension (HTN), a prevalent cardiovascular ailment,
is examined in this review study. The paper describes the ability for medication to cross the nasal barrier and gives
a summary of the cellular and structural makeup of the nasal cavity. It talks about many options and strategies to
improve the way nasal drugs are delivered, with an emphasis on devices that make use of nanotechnology. The
paper also includes a thorough analysis of the various approaches to treating HTN and a discussion of how INDS
can enhance medication efficacy and lessen systemic side effects. This review compiles available literature on
formulation strategies, relevant in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro assessment technologies, as well as the advancement
of studies concerning the role of the nasal epithelium in the systemic circulation of antihypertensive medications.
With intranasal delivery, the first-pass impact is removed, doses are lowered, and drug bioavailability is enhanced.
Future research in this area may lead to more effective and patient-friendly HTN therapies.

The Multifaceted Benefits of Leptin: Beyond Weight Regulation

2025-01-11T05:25:52+00:00

Leptin is a hormone that is produced by a variety of different cells, most notably adipocytes, but also by the
stomach, lungs, and other organs, which mainly acts on the brain’s hypothalamus. Since its discovery in 1994,
leptin’s pleiotropic activities have attracted increased interest from the scientific community. As a result, many
pathological states have been related to leptin signaling disturbance. This includes the connection between one’s
nutritional state and one’s immune competence, which is one of the functions listed. It shares structural similarities
with other inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-12. Leptin regulates immunological responses, which is
consistent with its structure as a cytokine. Leptin’s most crucial physiological function is probably as a signal for
the transition between the fasted and fed states. Although leptin may play a role in preventing obesity in some
people, the prevalence of obesity is strongly correlated with elevated leptin levels. There are no human studies
specifically designed to investigate the role of leptin, despite numerous reports of connections between leptin
levels and various physiological and pathological states. In this review, the effect of leptin on different organ
systems is described along with biology, mechanism of action, and its resistance factor.

Brain Drug Delivery System: A Novel Review

2025-01-11T05:32:56+00:00

In the living world, 1.5 billion of people have been suffering from either one or another brain disease. The most
probably causing diseases/disorders related to the function of the brain were autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune
epilepsy, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Wilson’s disease. As the brain’s extracellular
matrix contributes to the poorly distributed delivery of locally administered medications and the blood-brain
barrier functions as an impenetrable barrier for systemically injected treatments, drug targeting in the brain is
one of the most difficult problems in pharmaceutical research. General strategies that can enhance medication
delivery to the brain are very desirable for the treatment of several disorders affecting the central nervous system
(CNS). When medications are given close to their optimal sites of action, they are both less hazardous and more
effective. Several methods or novel approaches have been developed through various investigations to target the
drug to reach the affected area in the brain. The BBB is the most hurdles for the active ingredients to exhibit its
function so numerous approaches such as Nanoparticles, Lipoplexes, Scaffolds, Dendrimers, Polyanhydride, and
Receptor-mediated transport (RMT) have been developed for improving drug action.

An Overview on Reverse-Phase Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Technique and its Applications in Pharmacy

2025-01-11T05:36:15+00:00

Reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) is a powerful analytical technique widely
employed in the pharmaceutical field. This article reviews the principles, advantages, and limitations of RP-UPLC,
alongside its various applications in drug development, quality control, and bioanalysis. The growing significance
of this technique in ensuring the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products is highlighted, along with future
perspectives in the context of advancing analytical technologies.

Impact of Polypharmacy on Elderly Patients: A Comparative Study of Outcomes and Risk Management

2025-01-11T06:41:06+00:00

Polypharmacy is particularly significant in elderly patients because it increases the risk of adverse drug reactions,
drug-drug interactions, and medication non-adherence. The purpose of this review paper is to uncover the
effect of polypharmacy interventions on the frail elderly patients by comparing the clinical indicators, such as
hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. It also looks at the possible complications including the impact of
cognitive impairment, falls, and a decline in quality of life in older adults due to numerous medications. Further,
this review presents ideas regarding risk management which include medication reconciliation, deprescribing, and
a part of the provider’s duty to monitor and educate patients. The study also brings out the need to develop and
implement patient-specific actions to reduce the chances of polypharmacy and enhance the well-being of elderly
patients. This paper focuses on reviewing and analyzing various sorts of strategies that have been developed by
various healthcare systems in the treatment of elderly patients who have polypharmacy issues to make suggestions
that can assist in promoting the safer care of older patients.

Spotlight on the Clinical Development, Inventions, and Prospects of the Alzheimer’s Disease Vaccines

2025-01-10T10:11:30+00:00

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological illness. AD causes severe morbidity and expensive
healthcare. Although medicines are intended to control symptoms, there is currently no cure for AD or way to stop its development. The conception of vaccines is becoming recognized as a possible tactic. The objective of this review article is to highlight the vaccines under development for AD and inventions related to AD vaccines. The literature for this article was searched on PubMed, reliable websites (United States Food and Drug Administration, innovator companies, clinicaltrial.gov), and patent databases utilizing various keywords belonging to AD vaccines. The literature reveals that many vaccines (ACI-24.060, ACI-35.030_JNJ-2056. ALZN-002, AV-1959D, GV1001, and UB-311) are under development for AD. These vaccines act on different targets (Amyloid-beta, Tau protein, DNA-based antigens, and telomerase reverse transcriptase). The patent search is suggestive for various foreseeable inventions (personalized vaccine; Tau and Amyloid co-targeting; combination therapies; hybrid vaccines, and patient-compliant vaccine delivery methods). The development of AD vaccines represents a promising frontier in addressing one of the most challenging neurodegenerative disorders. As research progresses, AD vaccines could play a crucial role in transforming treatment paradigms, offering new avenues for prevention, and potentially moving us closer to a cure.

Personalized Medicine: Bridging the Gap between Genetics and Clinical Practice

2025-01-10T10:17:25+00:00

Personalized medicine is a groundbreaking approach to healthcare that tailors’ treatment each patient based on
their unique genetic makeup, environment, and lifestyle. A key part of this approach is pharmacogenomics, which
looks at how genetic differences can affect and how patients respond to medications. By understanding how
genes influence drug metabolism and effectiveness, clinicians can choose the best medications and dosages for
individual patients, potentially improving treatment outcomes and minimizing side effects. This review delves into
the current landscape of personalized medicine and explores how pharmacogenomics plays a role in drug response,
the opportunities and challenges of bringing personalized medicine into mainstream healthcare, and where this
innovative field is headed in the future. Although personalized medicine has made great strides, challenges
still exist, including ethical issues, questions around cost-effectiveness, and the need for clear guidelines. Yet,
with continued investment in research and addressing these hurdles, personalized medicine has the potential to
significantly improve patient outcomes and transform the way healthcare is delivered.

Rezafungin for Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis: A Focus on the Pharmaceutical Development, Related Patents, and Prospects

2025-01-10T10:27:35+00:00

Infections caused by Candida are extremely dangerous and pose a serious threat to public health. Echinocandins
are an important drug class used to combat fungal infections. A new echinocandin, Rezafungin (REZ), has been
approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) on March 22, 2023, to treat invasive
candidiasis and candidemia. This review article discusses the pharmaceutical development, patent literature, and the
future directions of REZ-based therapy for fungal diseases. The literature for this article was obtained from authentic
websites (USFDA, Cidara Therapeutics, and clinicaltrial.gov), PubMed, and various free patent databases (Espacenet,
Patentscope, and USPTO) utilizing different keywords. REZ was invented by Seachaid Pharmaceuticals, which
disclosed its chemical structure in 2012. Later Cidara Therapeutics acquired the patent rights of REZ from Seachaid
Pharmaceuticals. REZ provides better patient compliance (once-a-week dosing) and cost-effective treatment than
other marketed echinocandins. REZ demonstrates low CYP450-associated drug interactions but on limited drugs.
The pharmacovigilance studies will provide more details of the pharmacokinetic properties, interaction (drug, food,
and disease), and use in the special population (children, elderly, pregnant, and lactating women). Echinocandin,
including REZ, is effective against many species of Candida. Drug-resistance development has been observed
among the drugs of the echinocandin class. This issue must be considered while using REZ. The patent literature
of REZ revealed some important REZ-based inventions. The patent literature of the REZ is likewise lacking. The
authors predict a promising future for creating numerous patented inventions based on REZ.

Corticosteroids in Septic Shock Treatment: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Side Effects

2025-01-11T05:48:37+00:00

Septic shock (SS) is a critical condition with high mortality rates ranging from 27 to 54% in intensive care units
(ICU). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of corticosteroids on SS treatment, with a focus on
mortality rates, ICU stay duration, shock reversal, and potential side effects. A comprehensive literature search
was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Six studies were selected for the systematic review, including
meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. The results showed that corticosteroids, particularly low-dose
hydrocortisone, reduced 28-day mortality, ICU admissions, and hospital mortality. Corticosteroids also improved
shock reversal, increased vasopressor-free days, and shortened the ICU stay. However, their use was associated
with increased risks of hyperglycemia and hypernatremia. The optimal daily dose for mortality reduction was
approximately 260 mg of hydrocortisone or its equivalent. While corticosteroids show promise in managing SS,
their use remains controversial due to varied outcomes across studies. Personalized treatment, considering factors
such as timing, dosage, and specific corticosteroids, is necessary to optimize the benefits and reduce risks. Further
research is required to determine the optimal corticosteroid protocols and effectiveness of adjunct treatments.

Potential of Ligand Conjugated Metallic Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Carcinoma in the Delivery of Plant-Derived Payload

2025-01-11T05:51:38+00:00

To attain the required therapeutic concentration of the drug at the target site with minimal exposure to normal cells,
a targeted strategy is essential in cancer treatment. Because of its various advantages, a ligand-tagged bioactive
medication is the ideal option. The use of natural therapeutic substances payload in the metallic nanoparticles
conjugated with ligands is highlighted in the review. The most intriguing delivery system for these naturally
occurring oncological medications is a nanoparticle-based drug delivery system because of its selectivity and
specificity. Making a nanoparticle with metals enhances these benefits because of the synergistic profile in
potential applications.

Exploring the Therapeutic Promise of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 in Diabetes Mellitus: A Deep Dive into Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives

2025-01-11T05:55:44+00:00

Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) is encouraged by extended-chain fatty acids and has gained recognition as a
promising agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment. Research indicates that FFA4 functions as
a receptor for detecting unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, shedding light on the cellular pathways through which
these fatty acids influence various biological functions. These mechanisms include the secretion of digestive tract
peptide hormones and the control of glucose level. Activation of FFA4 is linked to enhanced insulin susceptibility
and decreased release of glucagon-like peptide 1 from enteroendocrine cell types, making it an appealing target
for developing therapies for overweight and diabetes. Agonists of FFA4 have demonstrated potential in enhancing
satiety, stimulating incretin release, mitigating inflammatory metabolic responses, and boosting insulin sensitivity.
As a result, drugs targeting FFA4 are anticipated to become available soon. This review explores FFA4’s role
in managing key metabolic processes, such as adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and glucose regulation. It also
assesses the potential of FFA4-based therapies for treating DM, emphasizing the progress and future directions in
this evolving field of metabolic research.

Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation and its Applications in Pharmacy – An Overview

2025-01-11T05:58:27+00:00

Bioanalytical methods play a critical role in the pharmaceutical industry, providing essential tools for drug
development, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic drug monitoring. This review discusses the principles of
bioanalytical method development and validation, highlighting key techniques such as chromatography, mass
spectrometry, and immunoassays. It further explores the applications of these methods in various areas of
pharmacy, including drug formulation, clinical trials, and personalized medicine. Challenges and future directions
in bioanalytical method development are also addressed.

Efficacy and Safety of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review

2025-01-11T06:05:44+00:00

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a potential intervention for managing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in
critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness and safety
of NRT in adult ICU patients with a history of nicotine dependence or tobacco use. A comprehensive literature
search was conducted from January 31, 2010, to September 31, 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of
Science databases. Eight studies that assessed the impact of NRT on nicotine withdrawal symptoms, ICU stay
duration, delirium incidence, mortality, and adverse events were included in the review. These results suggest
that NRT may be effective in reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in patients in the ICU. However, evidence
regarding its impact on ICU outcomes, such as length of stay and delirium incidence, is inconclusive. Some studies
reported potential adverse effects, including increased agitation and delirium, whereas others found no significant
increase in adverse events. The safety profile of NRT in the ICU setting remains controversial, and further, highquality
randomized controlled trials are required to establish its efficacy and safety in critically ill patients. This
review highlights the importance of individualized patient management and the needs for a balanced approach
when incorporating NRT into ICU care, considering factors such as nicotine dependence severity, cardiovascular
health, and the overall clinical profile. Future research should focus on optimizing NRT use in the ICU, exploring
optimal formulations and dosages, and investigating the potential interactions with common ICU medications.

Synergistic Collaboration of Pharmacists and Nurses in Enhancing Patient Care

2025-01-11T06:11:47+00:00

Collaboration between pharmacists and nurses is widely seen as an important synergistic collaboration in
enhancing patient care by addressing issues such as drug mistakes, growing healthcare expenditures, and
complex illness management. Their combined expertise enhances patient care by optimizing drug therapy,
improving patient education, and reducing preventable medication-related issues. This article reflects the
synergistic collaboration of pharmacists and nurses in enhancing patient care. A literature analysis was done
to investigate research on multidisciplinary interaction between pharmacists and nurses in diverse healthcare
settings, with an emphasis on their roles in drug management, patient education, and therapy optimization to
reduce any avoidable interactions. Collaboration dramatically lowers medication mistakes, increases patient
adherence, and improves overall clinical results, including chronic disease management. Despite the benefits,
communication gaps and ambiguous responsibilities hinder successful synergistic collaboration. Addressing
these hurdles through improved training and integration of certain healthcare systems software for better
collaboration is critical to maximize the advantages of this collaborative effort. Pharmacist-nurse collaboration
improves patient care and safety, and overcoming current obstacles can lead to more efficient, patient-centered
healthcare systems. Despite the great perks of collaboration, there are certain obstacles to smooth collaborations.
These obstacles can be addressed by providing proper training and integration of AI and other technical software
for a smooth collaboration. With the partnership between pharmacists and nurses, much scope will be realized
to improve patient-centered care. The removal of present obstacles and incitement of closer collaboration will
make it possible for healthcare systems to improve clinical results, lower prescription errors, and guarantee more
effective and patient-focused care delivery.

Insights in Breast Cancer: A Review

2025-01-11T06:14:38+00:00

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women in India, with increasing incidence and mortality rates
in recent years. This review addresses the specific challenges associated with breast cancer in the Indian setting,
including its epidemiology, risk factors, and disparities in healthcare. In India, the disease tends to be diagnosed
at a younger age and at more advanced stages compared to Western populations, primarily due to factors such as
limited awareness, cultural stigma, and restricted access to healthcare services. Delays in diagnosis, socioeconomic
challenges, and the absence of widespread screening programs further complicate the issue. Although recent public
health initiatives, including awareness campaigns and the establishment of screening and treatment facilities, have
shown progress, significant gaps remain in early detection, individualized treatment, and survivorship care. This
review underscores the need for targeted strategies, improved healthcare infrastructure, and equitable access to
diagnostic and therapeutic resources to reduce the impact of breast cancer in India and enhance patient outcomes.

Mutations Driving Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Genetic Alterations

2025-01-17T09:31:43+00:00

The abstract of the paper on gene mutations in breast cancer presents several key points regarding the disease’s
significance and underlying genetic mechanisms: Breast cancer is identified as a major public health issue and
a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. This highlights the urgency of addressing the
disease through research and treatment strategies. The paper notes that various genes and their mutations have
been linked to breast cancer. Despite the complexity of the disease, advancements in research techniques have
allowed for the identification of these genetic factors, which are crucial for understanding breast cancer’s etiology.
The development of breast cancer is described as a multifaceted process influenced by hormonal, dietary, and
genetic components. This complexity necessitates a comprehensive approach to prevention and treatment.

Optimizing Patient Care: Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Pharmaceutical Care

2025-01-17T09:39:18+00:00

The goal of pharmaceutical care is to maximize therapeutic results and reduce any sort of medical errors by
fostering interprofessional collaboration. Nurses play a very important role in medication safety and providing
the best pharmaceutical care to patients because they are often the frontliners in the healthcare system. They help
the patient adhere to their dosage regimen and usually are the first ones who report any signs of adverse drug
responses. Moreover, using digital healthcare tools, such as electronic medication administration records (eMAR) or
telemedicine can ease inter-professional collaboration. This review analyzed case studies and literature focusing on
digital health tools, the WHO guidelines, and European Council recommendations to explore the possibilities of nursedriven
pharmaceutical care. Major aspects, such as interprofessional collaboration, evidence-based practices, and
advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and wearables were considered for their impact on patient care.
Interprofessional collaboration improved patients’ compliance, reduced prescribing errors, and enhanced treatment
outcomes. However, some relevant barriers were identified: deficient training, power imbalances, and communication
failures. Some promising digital technologies include AI, wearables, and data analytics applied to address these
issues to hasten the delivery of care. Medicine can be enhanced by removing obstacles to cooperation through
mutual respect, training, and the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies. The use of digital tools and evidencebased
procedures enables nurses to monitor and customize patient care better. Issues such as hierarchical dynamics
and lack of interprofessional education need to be addressed to encourage productive teamwork and enhance patient
outcomes. The inter-personnel collaboration has resulted in better therapeutic responses in patients and it has been
reported to reduce medication errors and thereby improve patient adherence and therapeutic results. Nurses are better equipped to monitor and customize care because of advanced technologies, such as wearables and data analytics. Safe and efficient medication management requires nurse-driven pharmaceutical care backed by interprofessional teamwork and Evidence-Based Practice. Furthermore, investing in digital technologies and cooperative training will aid in smooth collaboration and optimized pharmaceutical care.

The Duties of Drug Regulatory Affairs in the Pharmaceutical Sector

2025-01-17T09:45:03+00:00

A product’s long-term performance in the healthcare system is a priority for the regulatory affair (RA) team
of the pharmaceutical sector. To meet regulatory requirements while accelerating the development and
distribution of safe and efficient medical products to people throughout the world, they provide strategic,
tactical, and operational guidance and assistance. Creating and implementing a regulatory plan that ensures
the drug research group’s combined efforts result in a product that not only satisfies international regulators
but also sets itself apart from the competition is the responsibility of RA. The goal of using Common Technical
Documents is to significantly reduce the amount of time and money that business must spend assembling
applications for worldwide registration. A controlling specialized is a person who attends as a liaison amid
foreign government bodies and medicinal businesses. RA professionals ensure that pharmaceuticals are
benign, effective, and of high quality. They also ensure that product information is accurate and appropriate.
All of these efforts contribute to the protection of public health. This section covers the evolution of RA, their
function in the pharmaceutical business, and their involvement in enforcing laws that support the sector’s
expansion.

A Review on Anti-Breast Cancer Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants

2025-01-17T09:49:07+00:00

To review and identify medicinal plants and bioactive substances with potential anti-breast cancer activity and
provide a complete overview for future research. A comprehensive analysis of all scientific studies, phytochemical
screening, ethnobotanical surveys, plant medicinal applications, and anti-breast cancer activities of medicinal
plants was conducted. These data were gathered by searching for relevant articles in databases such as PubMed,
Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Relevant studies included those published in peer-reviewed journals
and reports from respective conservation agencies. The reviewed medicinal plants and their bioactive components
demonstrated promising anti-breast cancer activities, including antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and
antioxidant activities. This study emphasizes the potential of medicinal plants and their bioactive chemicals for the
treatment of breast cancer. This is a significant resource for future research and the development of effective plantbased
medicines. Herbal medications are promising alternatives to traditional chemotherapy, with fewer side
effects and greater tolerability. Further research is required to fully understand the anti-breast cancer capabilities
of these medicinal plants and their bioactive components.

Telepharmacy in the Digital Age: Improving Accessibility and Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Services

2025-01-17T09:52:53+00:00

Telepharmacy, the remote delivery of pharmaceutical services through information and communication technology,
enhances access to healthcare, improves patient outcomes, and addresses challenges in underserved areas. This
review consolidates evidence from scholarly publications, national health-care documents, and case reports to explore
the global integration and potential of telepharmacies. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated telepharmacy
adoption, maintaining high-quality pharmaceutical care while adhering to social distancing. Telepharmacy includes
services, such as patient assessment, medication evaluation, prescription verification, and patient education.
Countries such as Australia, the US, Canada, and the UK have used telepharmacy for decades, especially in rural
areas. Innovative models such as medication consultation systems, WeChat-based services, and Telepharmacy
Robotic Delivery Services improve access to therapies. Studies have shown that telepharmacy has a positive
impact on disease management, medication adherence, and adverse events. Successful deployment of telepharmacy
requires addressing confidentiality, digital literacy, cultural acceptance, and legal support. Collaborative efforts
among health-care professionals and their integration into the existing systems are essential. As healthcare evolves,
telepharmacy is crucial for enhancing clinical safety, expanding pharmaceutical access, and optimizing patient care.

Beyond Curry: Turmeric’s Formulation Journey in Pharmaceutical Sciences

2025-01-17T09:56:29+00:00

Turmeric, one of the most effective herbal remedies, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Most of the studies have
shown that curcumin is the main cause of the majority of the positive effects of turmeric. It is good for a number of things
and has antioxidant qualities helpful for diseases, such as leukemia, diabetes, allergy symptoms, arthritic conditions
Alzheimer’s illness, and other persistent, hard-to-treat conditions illnesses are all examples. This review’s objective
was to offer a succinct summary of the most recent information on curcumin’s effects. In international journals, such as
PubMed/Medline, Science Citation Index, and Google Scholar, they searched for recent literature concerning turmeric.
Turmeric’s usefulness in treating a variety of illnesses, especially those brought on by oxidative stress, such as cancer,
diabetes, and inflammatory conditions, has been supported by recent studies. It also contains anti-HIV, anticoagulant,
and hepatoprotective properties. The spice curcumin shows considerable potential as a medicine. It is remarkably
non-toxic as well. The creation of modern pharmaceuticals based on curcumin should be addressed for the treatment
of many diseases since the global landscape is evolving toward the use of non-toxic plant products with traditional
medicinal properties. To do so, further study on turmeric is needed to investigate uncharted areas and their real-world
therapeutic applications that may be used for the benefit of humanity, phroprotective qualities that aid in the battle
against AIDS. Curcuma longa is the scientific name for turmeric. It has protective, renal, and antimicrobial benefits.

4D Printing: An Innovative Technology For Self-transforming Structures and Multidisciplinary Applications

2025-01-17T10:00:21+00:00

4D printing, an innovative technology merging conventional additive manufacturing with smart materials and
external stimuli, empowers objects to undergo transformative processes over time, exhibiting qualities like selfsensitivity,
self-assembly, and self-healing. This technology harbors the potential to reshape modern construction
practices, aligning with the demand for autonomous, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable
structures. Furthermore, 4D printing proves valuable in medicine and aerospace. 4D printing can revolutionize
aerospace manufacturing and design by enabling the creation of smart, adaptive, and highly efficient components
and structures that can enhance the performance, reliability, and sustainability of aerospace systems. In the
domain of conventional robotics, rigid materials such as metals, hard plastics, and ceramics are predominantly
employed in the construction of robotics that can efficiently respond to a multitude of stimuli. Textiles offer
self-sustainability, reduced material consumption, and enhanced adaptability. Despite challenges, 4D printing
holds significant potential across various domains, urging substantial research and development efforts for its
successful integration.

The Impact of Neonatal Pneumonia on Infant Health; A Review

2025-01-17T10:09:56+00:00

Neonatal pneumonia may occur in isolation or as one component of a larger infectious process. Bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and parasites are all potential causes of neonatal pneumonia and may be transmitted vertically from the
mother or acquired from the post-natal environment. The patient’s age at the time of disease onset may help
narrow the differential diagnosis, as different pathogens are associated with congenital, early-onset, and lateonset
pneumonia. Supportive care and rationally selected antimicrobial therapy are the mainstays of treatment
for neonatal pneumonia. The challenges involved in microbiological testing of the lower airways may prevent
definitive identification of a causative organism. In this case, secondary data must guide the selection of empiric
therapy, and the response to treatment must be closely monitored.

Different Gelatins Used in the Encapsulation of Fish Oil

2025-01-17T10:15:26+00:00

Fish oil, containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic
acid, has attracted considerable interest for its health advantages, such as reducing inflammation and decreasing
triglyceride levels. Nonetheless, fish oil is highly susceptible to oxidation, resulting in rancidity, reduced
effectiveness, and unwanted smells, creating difficulties in its application as a dietary supplement. Using gelatin,
encapsulation is commonly used to safeguard fish oil from oxidation and enhance its stability. This method
involves enveloping the oil in a biopolymer to create a shield that guards against elements such as oxygen and
light. Gelatin, obtained from different animal origins, is important in encapsulation. Various forms of gelatin, such
as porcine skin gelatin (PSG), bovine skin gelatin (BSG), and fish gelatin (FG), have different characteristics that
impact encapsulation efficiency and the stability of the enclosed fish oil. PSG and BSG are well-liked because
they are readily accessible, cost-efficient, and have outstanding gel-forming capabilities. Nevertheless, their use
may be restricted in specific markets due to dietary and religious guidelines. FG, obtained from fish skin and
bones, is a better option that meets these limitations and fits well with human biology. A thorough search plan was
created to locate pertinent papers from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science,
or Scopus. This review examines the utilization of various kinds of gelatin to encapsulate fish oil, studying how
their physical and chemical properties disturb the stability and efficacy of the encapsulated fish oil. The research
also emphasizes the difficulties presented by oxidation and the significance of encapsulation in preserving the
nutritional value and longevity of fish oil supplements. This review aims to offer insights into using different
types of gelatins for encapsulating fish oil to enhance its oxidative stability and health advantages through a
comparative analysis.

Diabetes Patient Counseling: The Pharmacist’s Role

2025-01-17T10:18:25+00:00

The position of a pharmacist has undergone significant transformation in the previous three decades. The focus of
pharmacists is shifting from products to patients at the moment. A pharmacist’s role in patient counseling involves
educating patients about their conditions, drugs, and lifestyle changes. It has been demonstrated to enhance
therapeutic results. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of the metabolic illnesses known as diabetes mellitus, which
is also defined by abnormalities in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Chronic problems can result in
macrovascular, microvascular, and neuropathic illnesses. Self-management of diabetes and patient compliance
to the recommended medications and lifestyle changes are extremely important, and pharmacists can play a
significant role in counseling. The non-pharmacological and pharmaceutical measures should both be covered
in the counseling strategy. It is important to educate people about both acute and chronic consequences. There is
strong evidence that patient counseling offered by pharmacists increases treatment adherence and improves life
quality outcomes in diabetes.

High-resolution Mass Spectrometry Study of Palm Jaggery Components with an Emphasis on Anti-microbial Properties

2025-01-17T10:22:21+00:00

Introduction: The palmyra (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a member of the Arecaceae family. The unfermented
palmyra tree sap, or neera, is used to make jaggery. Antimicrobials are substances that kill or inhibit the
growth of harmful microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The study focuses on elucidating
the antimicrobial properties of palm jaggery by analyzing the bioactive metabolites identified through High-
Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). Methodology: The optimised sample of Palm jaggery was
tested for metabolomics analysis. The High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry system instrument with the
model name Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid Mass Spectrometer developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific was used for
the analysis of Palm jaggery sample. The raw data obtained from the mass analyser were performed through
default parameters of “Compound discoverer 3.3.2.31” using online databases. Result: Utilizing HRMS, we
successfully identified a diverse array of bioactive compounds and other secondary metabolites. This study has
identified four key metabolites namely Diselane, Selenophosphate, Cadmium Sulfide, and Carnosol as having
notable antimicrobial properties. The reported antimicrobial efficacy of these components was systematically
evaluated and previous studies revealed significant antibacterial activity, particularly against both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative strains. Conclusion: Reported findings not only enhance the understanding of palm jaggery’s
biochemical profile but also highlight its significance as a source of antimicrobial agents, warranting further
exploration for applications in food preservation and healthcare. This study contributes to the growing body of
knowledge regarding the functional properties of traditional foods and their role in promoting public health.

Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method Development for the Determination of Empagliflozin

2025-01-17T10:25:17+00:00

Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate a stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the quantitative analysis of empagliflozin in pharmaceutical formulations.
Materials and Methods: The method was developed using an Agilent C18 column (5μm; 4.6 x 250 mm) and a mobile
phase consisting of a mixture of methanol/ 0.05% pH 3.3 acetic acid (75:25) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with UV detection
at 224 nm. The developed RP-HPLC method demonstrated linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) of >0.999. Forced
degradation studies revealed the method’s ability to separate and quantify empagliflozin from its degradation products.
The actual percentage degradation ranged from 2.85% to 7.43%. Precision was established where the mean interday and
intraday RSD were 0.36% and 0.17%, respectively. Result and Discussion: The method’s robustness was confirmed,
which had negligible effects on the assay results (<0.2% RSD). The method was applied to commercially available
tablets, yielding an average (SD) empagliflozin recovery of 100.44% (0.18). Conclusion: This RP-HPLC method is
suitable for routine analysis of empagliflozin in pharmaceutical formulations and can be employed for stability studies
and quality control purposes, ensuring the drug’s quality and efficacy throughout its shelf life.

Optimizing Fermentation Parameters for Bioethanol Production from Areca Nut Leaves using Artificial Neural Networks and Response Surface Methodologies

2025-01-17T10:28:47+00:00

The research covered the entire process, from collecting the Areca nut leaves to purifying the produced bioethanol.
Materials and Methods: The Areca nut leaves were pre-treated with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, followed
by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulose enzymes. The hydrolyzed biomass was then fermented by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae for 12–72 h to produce bioethanol. The produced bioethanol was purified through distillation using a rotary
flask evaporator. To optimize the fermentation process and bioethanol production, the researchers employed two
modeling approaches: Artificial neural networks (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). Variables such
as pH, fermentation time, and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) concentration, identified from the Plackett-
Burman design, were optimized using the central composite design of RSM. Results and Discussion: The R² value
for the RSM model was 91.72%, and the adjusted R² was 84.72%. In addition, an ANN algorithm model with 3
input neurons, 10 hidden layer neurons, and 1 output neuron was developed to investigate the relationship between
bioethanol production and fermentation parameters. The ANN model achieved an R² of 99.78%, indicating higher
accuracy and reliability compared to the RSM approach. The optimal conditions for bioethanol production were
identified as pH 5.5, 60 h fermentation time, and 0.45 g of Na2HPO4. Under these conditions, the experimental
bioethanol concentration reached 36.54 g/L. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effective utilization of Areca
nut leaves, a readily available agricultural waste, to produce bioethanol. The combination of statistical and machine
learning techniques, such as ANN and RSM, allowed for the optimization of the fermentation process and the
enhancement of bioethanol yield, showcasing the potential of this approach for sustainable biofuel production.

Formulation and Evaluation of Wrightia tinctoria Emulgel for the Treatment of Psoriasis

2025-01-17T10:32:07+00:00

Aim: Psoriasis can be a debilitating condition, but there may be a solution. Recently, several studied showed
that emulsion-based topical drug delivery system could be a promising approach for the treatment of psoriasis.
Hence, in the present study, Wrightia tinctoria (WT) oil-based emulgel was developed for the enhancement of
effectiveness against psoriasis. Materials and Methods: This breakthrough treatment could be an alternative
technique for the management of psoriasis. WT oil was used to prepare emulsions, which was loaded into a gel
base. The concentration different excipients varied to prepare various emulsion formulations and evaluated for
different parameters. The developed formulations were evaluated for the various parameters such as drug content,
particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, pH and percentage drug release. Results and Discussion: The optimized
formulation (F4) was found to have droplet size of 3218 ± 1.24 nm, 0.0175 ± 1.78 V zeta potential, entrapment
efficiency of 59.53 ± 8.42%, and spreadability of 2.901 ± 0.12 mm. The pH and viscosity of optimized WT oil-based
emulgel was found to be 6.1 ± 0.578 and 94,374 ± 198 cp, respectively. In vitro release of WT oil from optimized
emulgel was found to be 98.87 ± 1.15% in 10 h. In 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
cytotoxicity study indicated no significant difference between the WT oil and its emulgel. Thus, suggested no
loss of anti-proliferation activity of WT oil on formulation in emulgel. Conclusion: This study showed that the
emulgel formulation has the potential to significantly enhance the efficacy of WT oil in treating psoriasis. These
findings provide exciting new possibilities for improving psoriasis treatment and highlight the importance of
continued research in this area.

In situ Fabrication and Photocatalytic Performance of CeO2/Fe2O3 Core-Shell Decorated rGO Nanocomposites

2025-01-17T10:34:47+00:00

Introduction: This study investigates the in situ fabrication, characterization, and photocatalytic efficiency of
CeO2/Fe2O3 core-shell decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites for degrading organic pollutants.
Materials and Methods: All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification. CeCl3.7H2O
and FeSO4.7H2O were dissolved in a 1:1 ratio in 50 mL of double-distilled water, followed by the addition of 0.1
M urea and 0.1 g of as-prepared GO. The solution was ultra-sonicated for 30 min, stirred for 1 h, and then heated
at 180°C for 18 h in an autoclave. The precipitate was washed, dried, and calcined at 400°C for 2 h to obtain the
CeO2/Fe2O3/r-GO nanocomposite. Photocatalytic activity was tested using 100 mg of the catalyst in 100 mL dye
solutions of Indigo Carmine and Eosin Blue (1 × 10−5 M), with pH adjustments. The mixture was stirred for 3 h
under visible light from a 200 W tungsten lamp. Dye degradation was monitored by measuring absorbance at
557 nm with a Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer, and degradation efficiency was calculated. Results
and Discussion: The successful synthesis of CeO2/Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposites has shown notable improvements
in photocatalytic performance, primarily due to enhanced electron-hole separation and adsorption properties from
rGO. Characterizations confirmed efficient charge transfer and reduced recombination rates. UV-Vis spectroscopy
and X-ray diffraction validated the nanocomposites’ structural integrity. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated high
degradation efficiencies of 86% for Indigo Carmine and 92% for Eosin Blue under sunlight, highlighting their
potential for environmental remediation. These results underscore the promise of CeO2/Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposites
in sustainable technologies for environmental cleanup and industrial applications. Conclusion: CeO2/Fe2O3/rGO
offering an effective and sustainable solution for organic dye degradation in water under visible light irradiation.

Optimization of Ibuprofen Nanosponges Herbal Gel for Anti-Inflammatory Action

2025-01-17T10:39:37+00:00

Introduction: The main purpose of the research was to formulate Ibuprofen nanosponges herbal gel to reduce the
inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Materials and Methods: The emulsion solvent diffusion method
was used to formulate ibuprofen nanosponges using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design. A Box-Behnken
design was selected with X1, X2, and X3 (quantity of ethyl cellulose, quantity of PVA, and speed, respectively)
as factors and (ex vivo drug release, entrapment efficiency, and production yield) as responses which resulted in
15 runs. After running with 15 formulations, they were optimized according to physico-chemical characterization.
Further, it was prepared and evaluated. Results: After evaluation, the following results were obtained: percent
production yield (82.9 ± 0.43%), entrapment efficiency (88.1 ± 0.46%), permeation studies (43.2 ± 0.28% in
6 h), and flux (1.63 ± 0.3 μg/cm2/h). SEM studies showed the spherical shape with nano-sized pores, particle
size (214.3 nm diameter), zeta potential (−37.8 mV), and PDI (0.341). PNS was formulated into gel with 5%
tea tree oil and was evaluated. The optimized gel formulation (G3) showed a viscosity of 4.1487 × 105cps and
ex vivo release of 24.64 ± 47.72% after 6 h, follows 1st order kinetics and anomalous release mechanism. The
optimized gel formulation and marketed diclofenac sodium gel were studied for anti-inflammatory studies for 4 h.
By measuring the paw edema in a rat animal model, edema reduction in 4 h shows 0.2 ± 0.1 cm which is equal to
control. Conclusion: It was found that ibuprofen nanosponges herbal gel reduces the inflammation in rheumatoid
arthritis.

Green Tea Extract’s Hepatoprotective Properties against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Damage

2025-01-17T10:42:36+00:00

Background: Consuming green tea has been linked to a decreased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and
neurological diseases. For this reason, green tea extract has been added to diets along with other multivitamins
and supplements. Aim of the Work: investigating the impact of cyclophosphamide (CP) on male albino rat livers
and the potential protective function of green tea extract. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino
rats were used in the current study. Three equal groups were formed out of them, each with eight rats. For 9 weeks,
Group I (the control group) received I. P. (intraperitoneal) injections of normal saline at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body
weight twice a week. Group II received 2 weeks of intraperitoneal injections of CP at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day.
Group III: For 2 weeks, rats received intraperitoneal injections of 150 mg/kg/day of CP in addition to 3 weeks of
oral green tea extracts (50 mg/kg/day). Results: The livers of rats given CP exhibited a number of histological
and histochemical alterations. Green tea was used to ameliorate these modifications. Conclusion: The current
study demonstrated the preventative and curative effects of green tea on albino rats’ livers following CP exposure.

Use of Bioactives from Carica papaya Seeds in Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

2025-01-17T10:46:43+00:00

Introduction: Papaya seeds are a rich source of proteins, fat, fibers, vitamins, minerals, monounsaturated fatty
acids, polyphenols, and powerful antioxidants like flavonoids. Carica papaya is used for treating skin, fungal,
viral, digestive, and dental disorders, as well as cancer, kidney, and nervous disorders. The bioavailability of a
drug can be improved with the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) if it is not very water-soluble. The targeted
and controlled release of medications is another possible application. The objective of this research is to create
and assess bioactive SLNs derived from C. papaya seeds. Materials and Methods: The ripe, shade-dried papaya
seeds were first powdered and extracted using the Soxhlet method to obtain crude extract. Glycosides, alkaloids,
tannins, saponins, phenols, and flavonoids were all assessed during the phytochemical examination. The SLNs
of extract were formulated by a solvent evaporation method using Stearic acid as lipid and poloxamer 188 as
surfactant. Several of characteristics were used to assess the prepared SLNs, including encapsulation efficiency,
in vitro dissolution studies, zeta potential, particle size, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chemical
confirmation of the produced SLNs was achieved using Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) and powder X-ray
diffractometry (XRD) analyses. The thermal stability of SLNs was studied with the help of differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC). Results and Discussion: The improved formulation had a zeta potential of −28.4 mV and a
polydispersity index of 0.021, and its particle size was determined to be 124.1 ± 22.3 nm. The effectiveness of
drug encapsulation was determined to be 80.98 ± 1.59. Formation of SLN confirmed by TEM, FT-IR analysis,
powder XRD, and DSC showed no unwanted peaks. The thermal stability of SLN was analyzed with the help
of DSC. An in vitro drug release study showed 89.30 ± 0.55% release of the drug in 12 h. Conclusion: The
evaluation results indicate an effective SLN formulation that might be used for antidiabetic effect.

Formulation and Evaluation of Tadalafil- Loaded Nano-Ointment and Cream for Raynaud’s Phenomenon

2025-01-17T10:50:37+00:00

Introduction: The research is to prepare and characterize the tadalafil (TDL) loaded cream and nano-ointment for
the localized treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP). As far now, there is no marketed topical TDL formulation
available for RP, a conventional ointment loaded with TDL was prepared which is used to compare with the TDL
cream and nano-ointment formulation. This study compares in vitro and ex vivo data for TDL-loaded cream and
nano-ointment along with the conventional ointment for the RP. Both formulations were assessed for spreadability,
as well as in vitro and ex vivo release studies and drug release kinetics models. The objective was to ascertain
which formulation is more effective for treating RP by penetrating deeper into the skin surface. Materials and
Methods: The TDL cream was prepared with a high-speed homogenizer technique and evaluated for pH, viscosity,
spreadability, and drug release studies in both in vitro and ex vivo through snake shed skin. The nanoparticles
were prepared by ionic gelation technique and characterized, then loaded into the simple ointment base and then
evaluated for pH, spreadability, and drug release studies in both in vitro and ex vivo through snake shed skin.
Results and Discussion: The TDL-loaded nano-ointment was determined to be the superior formulation when
compared to TDL-loaded cream. This conclusion stemmed from the ability of nano-ointment to sustain release for
more than 120 min, surpassing the performance of the cream. The superiority also attributed to the nano-ointment
spreadability, pH, nano-size, and longer contact time with the skin which may exhibit deeper penetration into the
skin. Conclusion: The TDL-loaded nano-ointment may provide an effective treatment for RP while potentially
reducing the systemic side effects associated with oral administration.

Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic for Quantifying –IBA-HAP Conjugate in Innovative Transdermal Emulgel Formulations

2025-01-17T09:30:27+00:00

Objectives: This research presents a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC)
approach that is easy, precise, accurate, and economical for the quantification off or the estimation of IBA-HAP
conjugate (IBA-HAP). The lack of a suitable ultraviolet chromophore makes the conjugate of ibandronate
Hydroxyapatite challenging. An important challenge with the absence of a chromophore impacts the process
of separation. Materials and Methods: It is challenging to preserve the Ibandronate hydroxyapatite conjugates
on traditional reversed-phase columns due to their structural makeup. Separation was achieved by column C–18
(pore size – 5 μm and column dimensions (4.6 × 250 mm). The mobile phase comprises of 0.01 M sodium
dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and Acetonitrile at a ratio of 75:25 with orthophosphoric acid being used to
adjust the pH to 3.5 with a flow rate of 1 mL/min at 35°C column temperature. The analysis was monitored
using a photodiode array detector. Results: The results indicated a linear response (R2 = 0.9998) in the range of
0.125 μg/mL-1–6 μg/mL-1. The estimated limits of quantification were determined to be 0.167 μg/mL-1. These
techniques were then successfully used to estimate the IBA-HAP content during drug content estimation and
in vitro through dialysis membrane 60 and ex vivo studies through Rat skin. Conclusion: the developed approach
was precise, robust, sensitive, reliable, and incredibly easy. Retention times are fast and highly sensitive, rendering
them suitable for both routine and bioanalysis analyses.

Transdermal Delivery of Azilsartan: Formulation Strategies and Performance Evaluation

2025-01-17T09:36:38+00:00

Aims: Matrix-type systems were developed in the present study by using various polymers including sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose and eudragits with various concentrations. Materials and Methods: In the present work,
an attempt has been made to develop a matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system comprising of Azilsartan
with different concentrations of sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose and Eudragit using solvent evaporation
technique. The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the polymers was studied by infrared spectroscopy.
Results and Discussion: The results obtained showed no physical-chemical incompatibility between the drug and
the polymers. The in vitro drug diffusion studies from the formulation were found to be a sustained release effect.
All the evaluation parameters obtained from the best formulation were found to be satisfactory. Conclusion: The
data obtained from the in vitro release studies were fitted to various kinetic models; it was found that drug release
follows the Peppas model release by diffusion technique from the polymer.

Green Tea’s Medicinal Benefits in Reducing Methotrexate’s Harmful Effects on the Kidneys

2025-01-17T09:49:37+00:00

Background: Hundreds of millions of people worldwide consume tea every day because it is a pleasant, wellliked,
affordable, socially acceptable, and safe beverage. Drinking green tea is linked to a lower incidence of
degenerative diseases and illnesses. Green tea has now been included to other vitamin and nutritional supplements
as a dietary supplement. Aims of Study: The purpose of our study was to assess how methotrexate (MTX)
administration affected the kidneys and how green tea protected them. Materials and Methods: There were
24 male rats split up into three groups. There were eight rats in each group, and the control untreated group
received nothing. The MTX group got one dose (20 mg/kg) MTX intraperitoneally. The last group of rats was
given a daily dosage of 36 mg/kg body weight of green tea through a gastric tube for 9 weeks after receiving
the same injection of MTX as the second group. At the end of the research, renal functioning and histological
alterations were assessed. Results: The second group’s renal architecture was clearly altered, and their serum
levels of uric acid, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were all elevated. When compared to the MTX group,
the kidney’s histological image improved in the green tea and MTX group. Conclusion: All aspects of evidence
pointed to oxidative stress as the source of MTX-induced nephrotoxicity, and green tea’s anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant properties protect the kidney from this damage. In the group receiving green tea and MTX, the
kidneys’ natural structure was largely restored.

Evaluation of Occupation Related Burnout among Nursing Professionals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study

2025-01-17T09:53:25+00:00

Background and Aim: The prevalence of burnout is increasing among healthcare professionals, particularly
among nurses, due to their multiple roles in healthcare. There are limited studies assessing burnout among
nurse providers in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess occupation-related burnout among nurse
professionals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate
burnout among nurse providers. Nurse providers working in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh were recruited for
the study. Structured, pre-validated questionnaires were used to assess burnout among nurse professionals. Data
analysis was performed using statistical software package, version 26 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, United
States). Results: A total of 120 nurses responded to the study (82.5% females) and were included in the final
analysis. Among the respondents, 74% were aged over 30 years, 67.5% were single, 47.5% of the nurses had
2–5 years of experience, while 40% had over 5 years of work experience. The findings revealed that 26.7% of the
nurses never felt emotionally exhausted because of their work, while 11.7% felt that way every day. In addition,
27.5% of the nurses agreed that working with people all day is stressful. Furthermore, 19.2% felt that their work
was breaking them down. Of the nurses in this survey, 13.3% reported feeling exhausted as soon as they saw a
new workday ahead of them, compared to 24.2% who said they never felt tired at all. Moreover, 13.3% of the
nurses revealed that they easily understood the actions of their patients every day, while 25% never understood
it easily. In addition, 15.8% of the nurses agreed that they successfully dealt with other people’s problems every
day, while 16.7% agreed that they dealt with them several times a month. Conclusion: Nurses in the current
study exhibited burnout in various aspects of their work in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and
personal achievement. In today’s society, the concept of occupational burnout is increasing due to multiple factors.
Therefore, there is a need to raise understanding and awareness of management techniques for burnout among
health-care professionals, particularly nurses.

The Effect of Various Surface Treatment on the New Digitally Manufactured Materials Versus the Conventional Materials – In Vitro Study

2025-01-17T09:57:18+00:00

Background: Clinical benefits of resilient denture liners have been recognized in prosthodontic practice for many
years. The elastic behavior of the soft lining materials is designed to distribute functional and non-functional
stress on denture-supporting tissues. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 dumbbell-shaped test specimens were
prepared from two different heat cure denture base materials. They are divided into two groups. Group (A) was
prepared from heat cure poly-methylmethacrylate resin (PMMA) and Group (B) was prepared from computeraided
design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) acrylic resin denture base material. A temporary
soft-liner type was used. The denture base specimens of (Group A and Group B) were subdivided equally into
three subgroups. 3 mm was marked and sectioned on the specimens with fissure burs and removed to create
a uniform space for the application of soft liner. The interface surface of each specimen and the denture base
resin surface were conditioned by three surface treatment modalities: 1 – specimens were polished using silicone
carbide papers of grit size, 2 – using air abrasion by 50 μm aluminum oxide particle, 3 – by application of 3 M
Scotchbond dental adhesive. Tensile bond strength (TBS) was tested for the specimens of each subgroup after
thermocycling. Results: The mean of TBS of subgroup (A3) and subgroup (B3) specimens treated with 3M
Scotch bond was significantly higher than the other subgroups. Conclusion: The surface treatment of PMMA
and CAD/CAM denture base specimens with primer followed using an adhesive bond of 3M Scotch bond had an
effective and superior TBS.

Enhancing the Performance of Paroxetine Hydrochloride Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets for Anti-depression Treatment: A Response Surface Methodological Approach

2025-01-17T10:01:32+00:00

Objective: This study aimed to find a way to make buccal tablets of Paroxetine Hydrochloride (PRX) that stick
to mucous membranes effectively and have a controlled release. Materials and Methods: Response surface
approach, notably a three-level strategy, and Design Expert® software were used to develop and optimize
Paroxetine Hydrochloride buccal tablets for oral medication delivery. PRX’s unidirectional mucoadhesive
buccal tablets were prepared by direct compression using Carbopol 934P and HPMC K15M as mucoadhesive
controlled release agents. The developed formulations were assessed for a variety of characteristics before and
after compression, as well as for surface pH, swelling, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength, and in vitro and ex vivo
drug release. Results: The Fourier-transformed infrared spectrum and differential scanning calorimetry peak
of Paroxetine Hydrochloride indicated that there was no interaction between the drug and the used excipients.
Swelling index research found that polymer concentration is directly correlated with swelling. Formulation F4
Paroxetine Hydrochloride exhibited the highest mucoadhesive strength (0.93 ± 0.06N) with the highest ratio
of carbopol 934P and HPMC K15M (2:5), while formulation F11 had the weakest force (0.68 ± 0.04N) due to
higher and lower polymer quantities. In in vitro release trials, tablet formulation F9 demonstrated superior release
characteristics (95.57 ± 0.42%, 8 h) compared to other formulations due to carbopol 934P and HPMC K15M
swelling, drug release was slow (0–63.34%) for the first 4 h. Drug release increased from 4 to 8 h, reaching
95.57 ± 0.42% by the end. Ex vivo permeation research using drug release experiments identified formulation
F9 as the best, with a 70.88 ± 2.65% drug release compared to 42.65 ± 2.52%. Conclusion: The ideal controlled
release system would release the medication at the right time and keep it at the therapeutic level for as long as
possible. According to dissolving profiles and swelling data, mucoadhesive buccal tablets released Paroxetine
Hydrochloride mostly due to the quickly hydrating polymer. This study aimed to bypass first-pass metabolism and
increase Paroxetine Hydrochloride bioavailability.

Melatonin’s Potential Protection against Testicular Damage Caused by Formaldehyde

2025-01-17T10:06:04+00:00

Background: Hospitals and industrial settings both use the chemical molecule formaldehyde. The pineal gland
releases the endogenous hormone melatonin. There are antioxidant properties of melatonin. Aim of Study: This
study sought to identify the aberrant histological alterations in adult albino rats’ testicles brought on by formaldehyde
as well as any potential preventive benefits of taking a melatonin medication in addition to formaldehyde.
Material and Methods: Three sets of 30 mature rats weighing between 190 and 210 g were created; Group I
(control): For a month, rats in this group received intraperitoneal injections of 5% ethanol once every 2 days.
Group II (Group treated with formaldehyde): For a month, rats received intraperitoneal injections of formaldehyde
at a dose of 10 mg-kg BW 1 time every other day. The last group, which was treated with both melatonin and
formaldehyde, involved injecting rats intraperitoneally with 10 mg-kg BW of formaldehyde and 25 mg/kg BW
of melatonin an hour later. For a month, both medications were administered once every other day. The testes
were removed from the rats, and prepared for light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Rats
given formaldehyde showed tubular degeneration, thicker tunica albuginea, loss of normal tubule architecture,
degenerated nuclei with thickened and indented nuclear envelope, and a karyolitic nucleus. Rats given both
formaldehyde and melatonin treatment showed a clear improvement in the prior changes. Conclusion: It is
necessary to provide melatonin to employees in the anatomy department and food industries because it was found
that formaldehyde caused histological changes in the testis. These changes were improved by the use of melatonin.
However, more research is needed to determine the appropriate dosage and administration method for humans.

Development and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Bilayer Tablets Containing Ivabradine hydrochloride and Trimetazidine dihydrochloride

2025-01-17T10:11:39+00:00

Introduction: Unlike conventional angina treatment medicines, newer antianginals such as Ivabradine hydrochloride
and Trimetazidine dihydrochloride displayed therapeutic potential without negative effects. However, IBH and
TMZ both have shorter half-life and require multiple dosing. Literature study revealed that bilayer tablet of
combination is not available. Hence, the objective of present research was to formulate and evaluate bilayer floating
gastroretentive tablets with IBH immediate and TMZ floating release layer. Materials and Methods: Simple
direct compression method and floating technique was employed. IBH and TMZ layer developed separately.
IBH layer prepared using Avicel-112, Klucel EXF ultra, and Vivasol/Crosscarmelose sodium while TMZ
layer developed using Kollidon SR, Benecel K 200 M, and Sodium bicarbonate. Best trials combined for the
preparation of bilayer tablet. Tablets evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters, floating
time, floating lag time (FLT), total floating time swelling index, and matrix integrity. Results: Melting point,
differential scanning calorimetry, and ultraviolet absorbance confirmed the identity and purity of drug. Fourier
transform infrared spectrum of active pharmaceutical ingredient and drug mixture with excipients demonstrated
the compatibility. IR layer trial I-4 showed passable flow with 3 s of disintegration time in distilled water and
100% drug release within 5 min. Floating layer trial T-8 showed fair flow characteristic, 15 s FLT, >24 h of total
floating time and controlled the drug release more than 12 h without burst effect. Discussion: Preformulation
study result revealed that the both the drug are pure form and compatible. For immediate release layer, Vivasol
(Crosscarmelose) showed best disintegration and combination HPMC K200 M and Kollidon SR polymer with
sodium carbonate provided controlled release with low FLT and high total floating time. Conclusion: Based on
research findings, it can be concluded that bilayer gastroretentive tablets successfully formulated with IBH as IR
layer and TMZ as floating layer. Combination of polymer needed for drug release control with tablet floatability.
Hydrophilic polymer Benecel K200 M forms matrix channel which entrap sodium bicarbonate bubbles and tablet
become buyant while Kollidon SR and stearic acid contributes in retardation of drug release.

Investigating Skin Permeation Behavior, Skin Irritation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Diclofenac Diethylamine Novel Formulation Prepared using Shea Butter as Absorption Base with Nerolidol as Permeability Enhancer

2025-01-17T10:16:02+00:00

Background: The present investigation was to study the drug permeation of diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) cream
prepared using shea butter as the absorption base and nerolidol as a permeability enhancer and also to evaluate skin
irritation and anti-inflammatory study of prepared cream on Wistar rats in comparison with marketed formulation.
Materials and Methods: The cream prepared using shea butter and nerolidol was assessed for permeation study
through rat skin. The three formulations mainly F0 (without nerolidol), F5 (containing 0.5% nerolidol), and the
marketed formulation were assessed for % drug permeation through rat skin along with an estimation of flux and
permeability coefficient. A skin irritation study of a placebo, F0, and F5 formulation was carried out on Wistar rats.
Anti-inflammatory study of transdermal cream formulation of control, placebo, F0, F5, and marketed formulation
was evaluated for anti-inflammatory study on Wistar rat using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method.
Results: The F5 formulation showed enhanced drug permeation as compared to the F0 and marketed formulation.
The flux value F5 formulation was found to be 0.3942 ± 0.009 g/cm2/min as compared to F0 and marketed formulation
which were found to be 0.2789 ± 0.013 g/cm2/min and 0.2730 ± 0.0110 g m/cm2/min, respectively. The permeability
coefficient for the F5 formulation was found to be 2.370 × 10-5 m/s as compared to F0 and marketed formulations
which were found to be 1.680 × 10-5 and 1.640 × 10-5 m/s, respectively. The F0 and F5 formulations were found to be
non-irritant and no edema was observed on its application. F5 formulation showed significant inhibition of edema
in rat paw volume induced by carrageenan as compared to control, placebo, Std, and F0 batches. Conclusion: The
study demonstrates that the F5 formulation prepared using shea butter as an absorption base and containing 0.5% w/v
of nerolidol as a permeability enhancer showed a better permeation of DDEA through rat skin, non-irritant in nature
and significant anti-inflammatory activity as compared to F0 and marketed formulation.

Exploring the Link Between Cephalosporin Antibiotic Use and Urolithiasis: A Case–Control Study

2025-01-17T10:19:22+00:00

Purpose: The study aimed to explore the association between cephalosporin antibiotics and urolithiasis, specifically
focusing on Oxalobacter formigenes ( O. formigenes) a colonization process. Materials and Methods: An
observation was made that 50 were among patients, with kidney stones and 110 without stones had participated
in the study. O. formigenes, a bacterium known to metabolize oxalates in the gastrointestinal tract, was detected
in 36 of the 50 kidney stone patients and in 97 of the 110 control participants. Results: It was found that calcium
and oxalate levels in urine. There was a significant increase in kidney stone patients than in controls, suggesting
that these elevated levels may contribute to stone formation. Given the sensitivity of O. formigenes to certain
antibiotics, including cephalosporins, frequent antibiotic use may reduce O. formigenes. This reduction could lead
to increased oxalate absorption, as O. formigenes is not present to metabolize oxalates effectively. Conclusion:
Thereby heightening Formation of kidney stones is at risk. According to these findings, the absence or reduction of
species colonization may contribute to calcium oxalate stone pathogenesis, especially in patients taking antibiotics
such as cephalosporins. Consequently, this study highlights the need for cautious antibiotic use to preserve
beneficial gut microbiota, which assists protecting against diagnosis and treatment of kidney stones. Further
research could confirm these associations and guide antibiotic stewardship practices to prevent disruptions in gut
microbiome balance that might contribute to urolithiasis.

Causes and Results of Repeated Operations in Iatrogenic Lesions of the Biliary System

2025-01-17T10:23:02+00:00

Introduction: Iatrogenic injuries, resulting from medical interventions, often necessitate repeat surgeries, which
pose significant challenges for patients and health-care systems. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the
occurrence and outcomes of various procedures for iatrogenic injuries, focusing on liver and bile duct traumas.
Methods: The study included 110 patients aged 34–72 years who underwent reoperation due to surgical
complications at two leading medical centers in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, from 2015 to 2023. Of these, 21 (19.3%)
patients required additional surgery, primarily due to iatrogenic harm to the liver and bile ducts during initial
operations, predominantly laparoscopic cholecystectomies for cholelithiasis. The diagnostic approach incorporated
clinical assessment, imaging studies, and laboratory analysis. Results: Reoperations varied according to injury
type and severity, with immediate operations conducted on 17 (81%) patients and delayed reconstructive surgeries
performed on 4 (19%) patients. Post-reoperation complications occurred in 5 (23.8%) patients, and the average
hospital stay was 14 days. The study reported a 4.8% mortality rate, highlighting the significant risks associated
with surgical management of iatrogenic injuries. Conclusion: Effective management of these injuries requires a
comprehensive approach that prioritizes patient safety, quality of care, and efficient resource utilization. Ongoing
professional development, adherence to guidelines, and continued research on prevention and innovative surgical
techniques are essential to reduce the occurrence of iatrogenic injuries and improve patient outcomes.

Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Reproductive System Disorders: A Study of Sensitivity and Outcomes

2025-01-17T10:27:30+00:00

Introduction: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive treatment that stimulates cellular activity through
photochemical processes. This study evaluated the efficacy of LLLT in the treatment of various reproductive
system disorders, including tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA), ovarian endometriomas, fallopian tubal patency,
and tubo-peritoneal factor infertility. Materials and Methods: A total of 213 women of reproductive age were
included in this study. Sensitivity (Se) to LLLT was assessed using refractometry and polarization photometry.
Oxidative stress (OS) markers, such as lipid hydroperoxides (LHP), diene conjugates (DCs), overall antioxidant
activity (AOA), and catalase activity (CAT), were measured. Results: The optical density and area of the optically
active structures significantly increased after LLLT in all groups. Significant differences in OS markers were
found among groups before LLLT. After LLLT, women with TOA showed a decrease in DC levels and an increase
in CAT, whereas those with ovarian endometriomas exhibited a decrease in LHPs and DC levels, and an increase
in AOA and CAT. Women with fallopian tubal patency had decreased DC levels and increased AOA. The Se
and specificity (Sp) of ovarian reserve indicators for uterine appendage pathology were highest for DCs (Se =
84–95%, Sp = 80–92%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that LLLT is an effective treatment for various
reproductive system disorders, and that individual Se to LLLT should be considered to enhance treatment efficacy.

Effect of L-Arginine on Lipid Metabolism and Morphology of Cardiomyocytes of Animals with Experimental Atherosclerosis in High-Altitude Conditions

2025-01-17T10:33:10+00:00

Background: The Kyrgyz Republic, with its high-altitude regions, poses unique health challenges due to extreme
geoclimatic factors. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent in the region, and dyslipidemia, a significant risk
factor for atherosclerosis and CVD, is associated with elevated serum cholesterol levels. This study investigates
the effects of high-altitude environments on human health and the potential therapeutic benefits of L-arginine in
regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Materials and Methods: Thirty rabbits were divided into five
groups: Control (low-altitude), high-altitude (3 days), atherosclerosis model, atherosclerosis with preventive
L-arginine and cholesterol treatment, and atherosclerosis with L-arginine treatment. Atherosclerosis was induced
by oral cholesterol administration (500 mg/kg/day) for 60 days. L-arginine (170 mg/kg/day) was administered
for 30 days for treatment and prevention. Lipid metabolism indicators (high-density lipoprotein, low-density
lipoproteins, triglycerides, and total cholesterol [TC]) were measured using a biochemical autoanalyzer.
Histological examination of excised plaques and myocardial morphology was performed. Results: Results showed
a significant reduction in TC levels in the high-altitude group compared to the control. The atherosclerosis model
group exhibited a tenfold increase in TC, which remained unchanged with preventive L-arginine and cholesterol
treatment. However, L-arginine treatment alone decreased TC levels by approximately 65%, although still twice
as high as the control. Conclusion: The findings suggest that L-arginine may have potential therapeutic benefits
in regulating lipid metabolism and improving cardiomyocyte morphology in rabbits with induced atherosclerosis
under high-altitude conditions.

Effect of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Renal Outcome in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2025-01-17T10:38:24+00:00

Diabetic nephropathy is a common microvascular consequence, described by a persistent rise in albuminuria or
a considerable fall in the predictable estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-
4) inhibitors are frequently utilized to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), although it’s unclear how significant these
drugs are in terms of specific renal outcomes (RO). This study aims to determine the impact of DPP-4 inhibitors
(DPP4-I) on renal consequences in individuals with DM. The relevant studies were searched in PubMed, Google
Scholar, and SciHub, and then filtered concurring to the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The preferred reporting
item for systematic reviews and meta-analysis criteria were adhered to, and the extracted data were evaluated using
the RevMan software. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated in addition to the overall estimate measure.
I-squared (I2) statistics were used to assess the studies’ heterogeneity. The qualitative evaluations of publication bias
were done using the funnel plot. Ten randomized controlled studies with a total of 39,124 people were eligible for
the investigation. At 24 weeks, eGFR in DM patients was not substantially affected by the DPP4-I (mean differences
[MD] 4.31; 95% CI −4.93, 13.54; P < 0.00001, heterogeneity I2 = 95%; P = 0.36). Further at 52 weeks also, the
changes in eGFR were found non-significant (MD 0.24 [−1.68, 2.16]) as compared to the control group (CG). The
changes in urine albumin-creatinine ratio were also found non-significant as compared to the CG. The adverse events
in the DPP4-I groups were also found non-significant as compared to the CG which indicates the safety of DPP4-I.
Overall, more randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the exact role of DPP4-I on RO in DM.

From Diagnosis to Management of Oral Manifestations Associated with Crohn’s Disease: A Case Report

2025-01-17T10:42:29+00:00

In addition to the intestinal manifestations, the inflammatory bowel disease of Crohn’s disease (CD) is also associated
with some extra-intestinal symptoms, such as ulcers in the oral cavity, which tend to aggravate the general care and
compromise the patient’s general well-being. The following case presents a 23-year-old patient with a CD complicated
by severe oral symptoms persisting despite early treatments, including recalcitrant recurrent aphthous stomatitis,
mucosal swelling, and gingivitis. The patient was treated using a multidisciplinary approach that integrated both
gastroenterology and dental aspects. Systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy, topical corticosteroids,
antibacterial mouth rinses, dietary advice, and general support were among the treatment modalities provided. This
comprehensive plan, which significantly enhanced the patient’s quality of life, also demonstrated improvement in oral
health and a decrease in signs and symptoms. This case demonstrates how interdisciplinary strategies can help in CD
oral manifestations management, given the enhancement of the patient’s health. Further investigation and case studies
are needed to refine treatment strategies and expand understanding of these oral lesions and concerns regarding them.