Investigation of the Cytotoxic andMolecular Interaction Properties of Ulvalactuca for Oral Cancer Applications

Abstract

Background: Marine seaweeds are rich sources of bioactive compounds with potential anticancer properties.
Ulva Lactuca (U. lactuca), a green seaweed, has gained attention for its diverse phytochemical composition and
therapeutic relevance. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical composition, cytotoxic activity, and
molecular interactions of U. lactuca against oral cancer. Methods: Proximate analysis was conducted to determine
the biochemical composition of the seaweed biomass. Methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts were prepared and
assessed for cytotoxic effects against KB oral cancer cells. Morphological changes were examined to confirm
cytotoxicity. Further, compound–target mapping was performed to identify overlapping genes associated with
oral cancer. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis was used to determine key regulatory targets, followed by
molecular docking to evaluate ligand–protein binding affinity. Results: Proximate analysis revealed high levels of
moisture, ash, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in U. lactuca. Among the extracts, the methanol extract exhibited
the highest cytotoxicity against KB cells, accompanied by significant morphological alterations compared to ethanol
and aqueous extracts. PPI analysis identified key targets, including TP53, EGFR, CTNNB1, AKT1, TNF, and IL-6.
Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with
TP53, CTNNB1, and EGFR through stable hydrogen bond interactions. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate
that U. lactuca possesses significant anticancer potential, supported by both experimental and in silico analyses. Its
bioactive metabolites may serve as promising therapeutic candidates for oral cancer treatment.