Prevalence, Types, Anatomical Locations,Risk Factors, and Causes of MusculoskeletalInjuries among Bodybuilders Engaged inWeightlifting in Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Background: Musculoskeletal injuries are a frequent consequence of weightlifting and bodybuilding due to repetitive
strain, improper technique, and heavy load-bearing. Despite the global popularity of these strength-based sports,
there is limited epidemiological data in Saudi Arabia assessing injury types, anatomical locations, and associated risk
factors. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, types, anatomical distribution, risk factors, and causes
of musculoskeletal injuries among Saudi bodybuilders engaged in weightlifting. Methodology: A descriptive cross-
sectional survey was conducted between July and December 2025 among Saudi male and female gym-goers aged 18
and above. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling using social media platforms. Data were collected
using a structured, pre-validated online questionnaire available in Arabic and English, covering demographics, training
history, injury experience, and prevention awareness. A minimum sample size of 384 participants was calculated
using standard statistical formulas. Data were coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
version 20. Results: A total of 437 eligible participants were included (81.2% male; mean age 27.8 ± 9.7 years). Overall,
214 respondents (49.0%) reported at least one musculoskeletal injury related to weightlifting/bodybuilding. The
shoulder was the most frequently affected site (54.7%), followed by the knee (27.6%) and lower back (27.1%). Reported
diagnoses were dominated by tendinopathy/tendinosis (31.3%) and muscle strain (28.5%), with 50.9% reporting
recurrent injuries in the same anatomical region. Pain (82.7%) and limited mobility (45.8%) were the most common
immediate symptoms. Injury status was significantly associated with age group (P = 0.032), residential area (P = 0.001),
monthly income (P = 0.011), training duration (P = 0.026), training under a certified trainer (P = 0.040), and using
social media as an injury-prevention advice source (P = 0.011). Conclusion: Nearly half of Saudi bodybuilders reported
musculoskeletal injuries, most commonly affecting the shoulder and characterized by tendinopathy and muscle strain,
with substantial recurrence and training disruption.
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