Impact and Prevalence of Toothache Painon Behavioral Responses and Self-CarePractices among Adults in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Introduction: Dental pain is one of the most common causes of oral discomfort, often disrupting essential daily
activities such as eating, working, and socializing. Its management usually involves both professional dental
treatments and self-care remedies. Globally, self-medicating for a toothache is widespread, affecting 31–68%
of adults, with rates reaching as high as 98% among university students. This behavior often includes using
over-the-counter (OTC) medications and traditional home remedies, often with limited awareness of potential
risks. The COVID-19 pandemic further reduced access to dental services, leading to increased reliance on self-
care methods and highlighting the importance of alternative solutions such as teledentistry. Although global
research has examined the connection between toothache pain, behavioral responses, and self-care practices,
there is limited evidence in the Saudi Arabian context. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association
between toothache pain and its impact on daily activities as well as to evaluate the prevalence, types, and
perceived effectiveness of self-care practices among Saudi adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional,
questionnaire-based study was conducted among adults aged 18 years and above residing in various regions of
Saudi Arabia who have experienced a toothache within the past 12 months. Participants were recruited using
convenience sampling through social media, dental clinic waiting areas, public events, and primary healthcare
centers. A culturally adapted 21-item questionnaire collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, pain
severity (measured on a 0–10 numerical scale), behavioral responses, and self-care strategies. Pain levels were
categorized according to Bloom’s cut-off point. The minimum calculated sample size is 384 participants, based
on a 50% prevalence estimate, 5% margin of error, and 95% confidence interval. Data were analyzed using SPSS
version 20. The findings from this study will help guide public health interventions and inform improved dental
pain management strategies in Saudi Arabia. Results: Of the 324 respondents, the majority were female (78%) and
Saudi (93%), predominantly aged 18–30 years, and residing in the Western Region. Moderate to severe pain was
prevalent (64%), with significant interference in eating, sleeping, work/study, and social activities. Nearly three-
quarters reported psychological or emotional distress due to toothache, and a minority had work or educational
absences. About 89% practiced self-treatment, most commonly using OTC analgesics (67%) and traditional home
remedies (43%). Pharmacists, family, and online
sources were primary channels for medication
and advice.