Etiology Symptomatology and Management Strategies for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Abstract

Physical and emotional symptoms that start a week or two before your menstruation are referred to as premenstrual
syndrome (PMS). The severe form of PMS is also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hormonal shifts
happening during the early luteal phase are the major reason for it. The symptoms begin after the ovulation
and intensify during the time of menstruation. The hormonal shifts occurring during the luteal phase before
menstruation lead to PMS. There are two types of symptoms, namely, physical and emotional/behavioral
symptoms. Anxiety, depression, bloating, and breast tenderness are some of the symptoms occurring in the late
luteal phase of menstruation. The severity of PMS symptoms may vary among individuals based on their BMI,
habits such as caffeine intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption. PMS can be treated using pharmacological and
non-pharmacological treatments. Non-pharmacological methods are the best way as they lessen the side effects
caused due to medication. Lifestyle modifications play an important role in treating the PMS symptoms. Regular
exercise, a change in sleep pattern, and avoiding tobacco are some of the lifestyle changes that can reduce the pain
and severity caused by PMS. Early diagnosis also helps in reducing the symptoms. The severe PMS symptoms
result in the diminishing work productivity and relationship problems