Personalized Gut Microbiota-Driven Therapies in Precision Microbiome Medicine

Abstract

The microbiome plays a key role in the maintenance of our health, the causes of our ailments, and our recovery
from treatment. With the recent advances in the integration of multiple omics techniques, systems bioinformatics,
and predictive modeling, a new frontier in microbiome research that leverages personalized microbial profiling
with purpose-driven clinical goals is on the rise. The purpose of this review is to describe the overall concept of
Precision Microbiome Medicine (PMM), including the clinical promise, underlying principles, and the enabling
technologies. It begins with a discussion of the temporal dynamics and the bidirectional cross-talk between the
gut microbiome and the body systems. It also discusses the technologies that are critical for the development of
PMM, including, but not limited to, high-throughput sequencing, metagenomics, metabolomics, and machine
learning, along with real-time surveillance systems. The review analyses the application of PMM in a number
of disease areas, including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and cancer, with a strong focus on
microbiome diagnostics, prognostics, and personalized therapy. Other therapeutic approaches discussed include
engineered microbial consortia, microbiota-directed diets, prebiotics, probiotics, and personalized therapy. The
review also addresses the barriers to broader implementation of PMM, including issues of causal inference,
lack of standardization, and ethical constraints. Finally, this review strongly discusses the future goals, like
microbiome-based digital therapies collaborating with precision nutrition, which can monitor the microbiome for
longer periods with clinical translation guidelines. This conceives new ideas with significant future possibilities
to explain the significance of PMM in customized health care.