Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Neem Leaves and its Comparison with Ibuprofen in Albino Rats

Abstract

Background: Inflammation is a protective biological response to tissue injury or infection; however, persistent
inflammation contributes to several chronic diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as
ibuprofen are widely used but are associated with gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular adverse effects, especially
with long-term use. This has increased interest in plant-based alternatives with fewer side effects. Objective: To
evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract and to compare its effects with
ibuprofen in albino rats. Materials and Methods: An experimental, randomized, controlled, comparative animal
study was conducted using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in albino rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly
divided into six groups (n = 6): negative control, positive control (carrageenan), standard drug group treated with
ibuprofen (15 mg/kg), and three test groups treated with neem leaf extract at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg. Paw
edema was measured using a plethysmometer at 0–1, 1–3, 3–6, and 6–12 h after carrageenan administration. Results:
Neem leaf extract produced a dose-dependent reduction in paw edema compared to the positive control group. The
highest dose of neem extract (150 mg/kg) demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory effect comparable to that of
ibuprofen. The observed activity is likely attributable to bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, azadirachtin, and
triterpenoids. Conclusion: Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity
in albino rats, with higher doses showing effects comparable to ibuprofen. Neem may serve as a potential natural
alternative to NSAIDs; however, further molecular and long-term safety studies are required.