Nano Drug Delivery System and Its Applications: A Novel Review

Abstract

The most advanced technology for delivering drugs to various sites in the body is nanotechnology. The
nanosize of particles possesses a transcellular mechanism in delivering the drug to the target sites. Many
diseases can be treated effectively through this delivery using nanocapsules, nanospheres, niosomes,
dendrimers, polymeric micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes, fullerenes,
polymeric-based NPs, and paramagnetic NPs with a size ranging from 1 nm to 500 nm. The drug is
linked with the particles and is used in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, gene therapy,
leishmaniasis, and imaging. Retinal leukostasis, tuberculosis, neovascularization of the choroidal stroma,
rejection of the transplant due to an immune response, vaccine delivery, cosmetic and personal care products,
insertion across cellular membranes, diagnosis plans, inhalation therapies, presenting optimistic avenues
for advancing respiratory medicine and improving patient outcomes, etc. Many researchers are exploring
strategies to improve drug loading capacity, such as modifying nanoparticle surfaces or developing novel
drug encapsulation techniques. By increasing drug loading, the therapeutic efficacy of these systems can be
significantly enhanced. The methods used for the preparation of NPs are the salting-out method, supercritical
fluid technology, solvent evaporation method, nano spray drying, double emulsion and evaporation method,
and coacervation or ionic gelation method.